Unit 9: Human Body Part 4~ Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Mrs. Howland Biology 10 Rev. March 2016

Lesson Objectives: Learners will be able to… Describe the structure and function of blood components Describe how injured tissues release chemicals (positive response) that activate platlets to carry out blood clotting Trace a drop of blood through pulmonary and systemic circulation Trace a drop of blood through the heart Calculate pulse rate Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries Apply the concepts of pressure and volume to inspiration and expiration Calculate tidal volume and lung capacity

Circulatory System MAJOR STRUCTURES: Heart Blood (blood cells and plasma) Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) FUNCTION: Transport oxygen and nutrients to body tissues; remove waste products (carbon dioxide, etc.!)

Heart (pump) Blood Transports nutrients, waste, hormones, oxygen, antibodies Vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) Circulate the blood Parts and Functions of the Circulatory System

plasma red blood cell white blood cell platelets Composition of BLOOD

Contain hemoglobin = molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it Can change shape to squeeze single file through the capillaries Biconcave disc = round and flat without a nucleus Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells Many different types (Main types are lymphocytes and macrophages) All have a nucleus Functions: Fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders ‘Eat’ and digest microorganisms Make antitoxins to break down poisons

Platelets = Bits of cell broken off larger cells that produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net that traps other blood cells to form a blood clot Platlets in BLOOD

Steps in Blood Clotting Platelets send chemical signal that signals the making of a special enzyme called thrombin Thrombin turns blood plasma into sticky protein filaments that form a clot

Blood Plasma Plasma = liquid portion of blood Composed of : Carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, hormones, Waste materials such as urea

Three Types of Blood Vessels Arteries = Vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart Oxygenated THICK walls Veins = Vessels that carry blood TOWARD the heart Located near skeletal muscles Contain valves to push blood in ONE direction Capillaries = Smallest blood vessels that allow gases and nutrients to diffuse between blood and tissues Types: arterioles and venules

Types of Blood Vessels In the body tissues, blood in the capillaries loses oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide before returning to the heart This part of the diagram represents the capillaries in tissues throughout the body Notice that veins have valves, while arteries do not.

Veins Valves prevent backflow Close to skeletal muscle to aide in movement of blood Fighting gravity!!

Pulmonary Circulation Blood exits the heart from the RIGHT ventricle through the PULMONARY artery Blood circulates through lungs (picks up oxygen, O 2, and releases carbon dioxide, CO 2 ) Blood re-enters the heart in the LEFT atrium through the PULMONARY veins

Lungs Body cells The right side of the system transports deoxygenated blood. The left side of the system transports oxygenated blood. DOUBLE LOOP The circulatory system is a double circulatory system It has TWO PARTS

Lungs Body cells Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and body tissues. DOUBLE LOOP

Pulmonary Circulation Blood moves from the heart to the LUNGS (deoxygenated) Blood returns to the HEART from the lungs (oxygenated) Exchange of gases in pulmonary capillaries (IN LUNGS): CO 2 and O 2

LABEL THIS! Pulmonary Circulation Do you know: What happens to the blood in the lungs?

Systemic Circulation Blood moves from the heart to the BODY (oxygenated) Blood returns to the HEART from the body (deoxygenated) Exchange of gases in capillaries (IN TISSUES): CO 2 and O 2

Systemic Circulation

Double Loop Can you identify the parts of the circulation double loop? What would be an advantage to this pattern of circulation? Where are the arteries, veins, capillaries?

DIAGRAM: Double Loop

The HEART The heart is a pump About the size of two fists Heart beats about 100,000 times in 1 day! The heart starts beating 4 weeks after conception The heart has its own electrical impulse Heart pumps blood to almost all of the body’s 75 trillion cells (corneas, epithelium, & cartilage are avascular)

The Heart These are veins. They bring blood INTO the heart. These are arteries. They pump blood OUT of the heart. Coronary arteries provide the heart with its own blood supply! Valves allow for blood to flow in only one direction. TWO (2) Atria TWO (2) Ventricles The heart has FOUR (4) chambers

Heart muscle = Cardiac muscle The heart is composed of strong, non-fatigable muscle: cardiac muscle

How the heart pumps Cardiac muscle formation in the heart allows for the chambers to pump blood THICK muscular walls The atria pump at the same time The ventricles pump at the same time

What is your PULSE? HOW FAST your heart is beating PULSE is an artery’s alternating expansion and recoil PULSE is caused by pressure exerted from the left ventricle as it surges blood with each heart beat Usually measured as # beats per minute

Where can you feel your pulse? Locations in your body where large arteries are close to the surface of your body Pulse points throughout the body Which pulse point do you think would give the STRONGEST PULSE? … the WEAKEST?

Your PULSE Pulse averages beats per minute in normal, resting person Pulse is influenced by physical activity, postural changes, emotions

SEPTUM

Heart Diagram from Textbook

BLANK Heart Diagram

Respiratory System MAJOR STRUCTURES: Lungs Trachea Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavities FUNCTION: Exchange of oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gasses to/from blood

Parts of the Respiratory System Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Epiglottus Trachea Right and left lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Cilia Alveoli Diaphragm Video: What do the lungs do?

Respiratory System

DIAGRAM: Respiratory System Bronchioles Pharynx VIDEO: See inside the lungs!

DIAGRAM: Respiratory System

Parts of the Respiratory System Nasal cavity = Warms, filters, moistens air taken in through the nose Pharynx = Cavity at back of mouth; passageway for air and food Larynx = Tissue folds (vocal cords) between pharynx and trachea Trachea = (windpipe) Funnels air toward bronchi in lungs; epiglottis prevents food from entering Bronchi = Large tubes that send air from trachea into right and left lungs (2 bronchi in the body) Right and left lungs = Organs Bronchioles = Smallest bronchial passageways inside the lungs; surrounded by smooth muscle Alveoli = Tiny air sacs in lungs; formed in clusters; surrounded by pulmonary capillaries Diaphragm = Large, dome-shaped muscle in chest cavity; increases lung volume and creates partial vacuum for air movement Cilia = Tiny hairs that trap and sweep away dirt and debris

Structure of trachea and lungs Trachea and bronchi have rings of cartilage that keep the airways open Lungs have lobes that maximize surface area Lungs are located right and left of heart

Capillary beds in the lungs View of pulmonary capillaries

Exchange of Gases IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES: Deoxygenated blood PICKS UP OXYGEN (O 2 ) and releases CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 )

Exchange of Gases IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES: Deoxygenated blood PICKS UP OXYGEN (O 2 ) and releases CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) when you BREATHE

Breathing Lungs EXPAND to allow for inhalation of breath when you BREATHE

Steps in breathing 1) Air enters nose: filtered, moistened, warmed 2) Pharynx  Larynx (location of vocal cords!)  Trachea 3) Trachea  Bronchi (right and left lungs)  Bronchiole  Alveoli

Breathing Rib cage also expands to make room for lung expansion Diaphragm assists with inhalation and exhalation

Diaphragm Diaphragm creates PRESSURE to the lungs to allow inhalation (inspiration) Acts as primary muscle for inspiration

How much can your lungs hold? Tidal capacity = volume of air (gas) your lungs can hold when taking in a normal breath Vital capacity = maximum volume of air (gas) your lungs can hold when taking a DEEP breath What is a possible advantage to lungs being able to hold MORE air? When might this be helpful? VIDEO: Inflating cow lungs

Keeping the Lungs ‘CLEAN’ Mucus and cilia trap and sweep away dirt, dust, microbes, and other debris

Diseases of the Lungs VIDEO: Normal lungs vs. smoker’s lungs

Diseases of the Lungs ~ Bronchitis

Diseases of the Lungs ~ Cystic Fibrosis Buildup of thick mucus leads to infection

Lung Infection ~ Bacterial Pneumonia

DIAGRAM: Respiratory System