Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Essential Questions What is energy? What forms can energy take? How does speed change? Why do things fall? How do things move?

Lesson 1 – Energy: Vocabulary energy kinetic energy potential energy

Lesson 1 – Energy Energy is the ability to cause change. Energy can change the temperature, shape, speed, or direction of an object. Any change of energy from one form to another is called an energy transformation.

Lesson 1 – Energy (cont.) Kinetic energy is the energy of objects in motion. The amount of kinetic energy an object has depends on the mass and speed of the object. Potential energy is energy that is stored (position or condition) and can be used later. The more kinetic energy an object has, the less potential energy it has, and vice versa.

Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy: Vocabulary temperature thermal energy heat radiation conduction convection

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in any object. The greater the average kinetic energy is, the higher an object’s temperature is. The three scale systems used to divide changes in kinetic energy are: Fahrenheit (32º F, 212º F), Celsius (0º C, 100º C), and Kelvin (273 K) [0 K]

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy (cont.) Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of the particles in a material. Thermal energy flows from a warmer object to a cooler one. This transfer is called heat. The same amount of heat transferred to different materials may not result in the same temperature change due to the makeup and amount of material.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy: Which Absorbs More? Lab – Day 1 Step 1) Question: Which material can absorb and/ or release the most thermal energy? Step 2) Research: Use the materials provided by the teacher. Step 3) Hypothesis:

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy: Which Absorbs More? Lab – Day 1(cont.) Step 4) Procedures: – a) Fill each coffee can (2) about 2/3’s full with hot tap water. – b) Pour equal amounts of the two chosen room temperature liquids into each bag and seal. – c) Record the starting water temperature of each can. –d) Place each bag in its can and record the temperature every two minutes. –e) Repeat the entire experiment using two coffee cans of cold water.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy: Which Absorbs More? Lab – Day 2 Step 5) Perform: Step 6) Data Table: {NEXT SLIDE} (Day 1) Step 7) Interpret Data: Step 8) Conclusion: – Explain, based on your data, which material absorbed more and which released more. Why? – Refer to your hypothesis.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy: Which Absorbs More? Lab – Day 2 (cont.) Water Temperatures – Hot (Cold) Coffee Cans ______-filled bag Time (m)Temp. (º C)Time (m)Temp. (º C) 00 22

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy (cont.) Energy is stored in the bonds between particles in a substance. This stored (potential) energy within chemical bonds is called chemical energy. To break bonds energy must be added. This energy can be supplied by electricity, heat, light, or motion, depending on the reaction.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 2 – Thermal and Chemical Energy (cont.) A reaction that absorbs energy is endothermic (ex. photosynthesis). A reaction that gives off energy is exothermic (ex. burning charcoal). The rate of a chemical reaction can be sped up or slowed down by changing the temperature, stirring the mixture, or adding a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without any change to its own structure.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 3 – Speed: Vocabulary average speed acceleration

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 3 – Speed To calculate average speed, you divide the distance traveled by the time it takes to travel this distance. #1) average speed (AS) = total distance traveled (d) / time (t) {AS=d/t, m/s} A rate is an expression, like 2 m/s, in which the denominator is time. Speed is the rate at which an object covers a distance.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 3 – Speed (cont.) Acceleration is the rate at which speed or direction changes. #2) acceleration (a) = Change in speed (AS) / time (t) {a=AS/t, m/s ² } If an object is slowing down its acceleration is negative. We call this deceleration. Acceleration Animation Acceleration Animation

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 3 – Speed : Which is the Fastest? Lab – Day 1 Step 1) Question: Can time trials be used to predict the winner of a race? Step 2) Research: Use the materials provided by the teacher. Step 3) Hypothesis:

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 3 – Speed : Which is the Fastest? Lab – Day 1 (cont.) Step 4) Procedures: – a) Set up a straightaway using two meter sticks. Use tape to make a starting line at the zero of the meter sticks. – b) Push a car, with steady force, from the zero line and time how long it takes to reach the end of the meter sticks. – c) Repeat this two more times with each car and record your data. –d) Calculate the average time and distance. –e) Calculate the average speed.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 3 – Speed : Which Is the Fastest? Lab – Day 2 Step 5) Perform: Step 6) Data Table: {NEXT SLIDE} (Day 1) Step 7) Interpret Data: Step 8) Conclusion: – How did your car do in each of the races? Why? – Refer to your hypothesis.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 3 – Speed : Which is the Fastest? Lab– Day 2 (cont.) Time Trials Data Car ________Time (s)Distance (m) Trial 11 Trial 21 Trial 31 Average1

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 4 – Gravity and Mass: Vocabulary gravity force weight

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 4 – Gravity and Mass Gravity is the attraction between all matter. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s². A force is a push or a pull. The downward force of gravity on you is called your weight. The upward force of the ground is called the normal force.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 4 – Gravity and Mass (cont.) When the forces acting on an object cancel each other out, the forces are balanced forces. #3) Force (F) = mass (m) x acceleration (a) {F=ma, N} Mass measures the quantity of matter. #4) Weight (w) = mass (m) x acceleration due to gravity {w=m(9.8m/s²), N}

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 5 – Newton’s Laws of Motion: Vocabulary friction

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 5 – Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s Laws of Motion: – First Law: An object a rest will stay at rest or an object in motion will stay in motion until an unbalanced force acts on it. –Second Law: An object that has an unbalanced force acting on it will accelerate in the direction of the force. –Third Law: Forces always occur in equal but opposite pairs. Friction is a force that resists motion between two objects in contact.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 5 – Newton’s Laws of Motion : Paper Airplane Lab – Day 1 Step 1) Question: Will my research and testing yield the paper airplane that will fly the farthest? Step 2) Research: Using the internet and non- internet sources, locate at least 3 different designs. [One partner must include a copy of each design in their lab.] Step 3) Hypothesis:

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 5 – Newton’s Laws of Motion : Paper Airplane Lab– Day 1 (cont.) Step 4) Procedures: – a) Using a single sheet of 8½ x 11 paper, with the aid of only scissors and tape, build you first design. – b) Test it at least 4 times, recording the results on the data table. – c) Repeat this with the other two designs. – d) Based on your data, use the best modified design on “Final Test” day.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 5 – Newton’s Laws of Motion : Paper Airplane Lab – Day Step 5) Perform: Step 6) Data Table: {NEXT SLIDE} (Day 1) Step 7) Interpret Data: Step 8) Conclusion: – How did your chosen design do in the “Final Test”? Why? – Refer to your hypothesis.

Unit 3 – Energy, Motion, and Force Lesson 5 – Newton’s Laws of Motion : Paper Airplane Lab – Day 2 – 5 (cont.) Flight Data – Design # _____ TrialFlight Distance (m)Design Change