The Federalist Era

Population doubling every 20 years 90% rural, only 5% west of Appalachians Starting in 1791, Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio would become states Legacy of 12 years of weak government Country heavily in debt with a worthless paper currency U.S. in 1789

The Federalist Papers Series of 85 articles written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in support of a strong federal government and ratification of the U.S. Constitution Federalist No. 10Federalist No. 10, in which Madison discusses the means of preventing rule by majority faction and advocates a large, commercial republic, is generally regarded as the most important of the 85 articles from a philosophical perspective Federalist No. 10 In Federalist No. 51, Madison distills arguments for checks and balances in an essay oft quoted for its justification of government as "the greatest of all reflections on human nature.“ Federalist No. 51Federalist No. 51 Result – after adding the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified by 11 of 13 states (NC and RI ratified a couple of years later)

Bill of Rights 1st: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition 2nd: right of militia to bear arms 3rd & 4th: no quartering or unreasonable searches 5th-8th: rights of accused 9th: protection of non-enumerated rights 10th: non-enumerated powers to the states Hamilton OUTLINED IN FEDERALIST PAPER #84 – NO NEED FOR A BILL OF RIGHTS!!

Election of 1788 Presidential Candidate Home StateElectoral Vote George Washington Virginia85.2% John Adams Massachusetts42% John Jay New York 11% Robert Harrison Maryland7.4% John Rutledge South Carolina 7.4% Other17.3% Electoral votes not cast 29.6%

George Washington Imposing 6’2” Took oath of office in New York City Demanded Formality & respect for office Organized executive branch Knew the states geographically and culturally / people for office Critics called him “King George ”

Completing the Structure 1 st Cabinet Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox Secretary of War: Henry Knox Attorney General – Edmund Randolph Attorney General – Edmund Randolph Judiciary Act of 1789 created federal courts John Jay – 1 st Chief Justice of Supreme Court John Jay – 1 st Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Hamilton’s Fiscal Program Assuming Debt at face value plus interest Articles of Confederation: 54 million Articles of Confederation: 54 million State Debt: 21.5 million State Debt: 21.5 million Some states had paid off their debt ie. Virginia not Massachusetts ie. Virginia not Massachusetts District of Columbia became nation’s capital District of Columbia became nation’s capital Customs Duties & Excise Taxes 8% tariff 8% tariff Whiskey Tax – 7 cents per gallon Whiskey Tax – 7 cents per gallon National Bank of United States Used Elastic Clause to justify Used Elastic Clause to justify

Formation of first political parties Caused by argument / discussion over the constitutionality of the National Bank Federalists – led by Alexander Hamilton Democratic – Republicans – led by Thomas Jefferson

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 first test for new federal government. Angry farmers in Western Penn. rebelled at tax. Why? They were dirt poor, and simply could not afford to pay the tax. They were dirt poor, and simply could not afford to pay the tax. Unfair that tax placed on poor farmer not merchant. It also planted the seeds for the first liberal/ conservative split, that would wage even until today. Unfair that tax placed on poor farmer not merchant. It also planted the seeds for the first liberal/ conservative split, that would wage even until today. Washington led 13,000 federal troops (in uniform) in putting down rebellion.

Washington’s Foreign Policy Impact of French Revolution Neutrality Proclamation Citizen Edmund Genet endangers Treaty of 1778 Treaty of 1778 Appealed to citizens against Washington’s wishes to drum up support for France in their wars vs. Britain and Spain Appealed to citizens against Washington’s wishes to drum up support for France in their wars vs. Britain and Spain Equipped privateers / using American ships Equipped privateers / using American ships

Jay’s Treaty Treaty of Greenville 1795 US got OH NW Indian War – (Little Turtle’s War) NW Indian War – (Little Turtle’s War) Defeat of Indians at Battle of Fallen Timbers by Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne Defeat of Indians at Battle of Fallen Timbers by Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne Followed a major defeat of Arthur St. Clair – largest in history by Indians Followed a major defeat of Arthur St. Clair – largest in history by Indians British continued hold posts in NW terr. & supply Indians with weapons British Navy American merchant ships & impressed sailors Washington sent Jay to England sabotaged by Hamilton sabotaged by Hamilton British would compensate merchant losses British would compensate merchant losses Americans would pay off pre-Revolution debts Americans would pay off pre-Revolution debts Treaty unpopular>Jay burned in effigy

Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795 With Spain (Treaty of San Lorenzo) gave U.S. free navigation of Mississippi

Washington’s Farewell Address Re-elected by 97.8% in 1792 Chose not to run for 3 rd term—set precedent Warned nation about… Entangling Alliances Entangling Alliances Political partisanship – political parties Political partisanship – political parties Sectionalism Sectionalism

1 st Political Parties FederalistsDemocratic-Republicans FoundersAlexander HamiltonThomas Jefferson Backgroundillegitimate son of merchantwealthy plantation owner Regionnorthsouth Author ofFederalist’s Papers Declaration of Independence Vision of America businesslaissez-faire / agriculture fate killed in duel with Aaron Burr President of U.S. View of Constitution loose constructionstrict construction

Foreign PolicyPro-BritishPro-French supported by northern merchants & small farmers, elite southern planters, westerners, immigrants powerfederal governmentstate government fearedmob ruletyranny of elite party leadersJohn Adams, John MarshallJames Madison, James Monroe in power lost power because Alien & Sedition Acts War of 1812 Election of 1824 Split Party— “corrupt bargain” ancestor toWhig & Republican PartyDemocratic Party

Election of 1796 CandidateHome StatePolitical Party Electoral Vote John AdamsMassachusettsFederalist7151.4% Thomas JeffersonVirginia Democratic- Republican % Thomas PinckneySouth CarolinaFederalist5942.8% Aaron BurrNew York Democratic- Republican % Samuel AdamsMassachusettsFederalist1510.9% Oliver EllsworthConnecticutFederalist118.0% George ClintonNew York Democratic- Republican 75.1% Other %

John Adams Adams Personality Rivalries Hated by Hamilton, who controlled Federalist Congress & who plotted with Cabinet members against Adams Hated by Hamilton, who controlled Federalist Congress & who plotted with Cabinet members against Adams Break Up of Friendship with Jefferson

Quasi-War with France Deterioration of relations with France Citizen Genet Citizen Genet Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty France follows English policy : seizing American merchant ships France follows English policy : seizing American merchant ships IMPRESSMENT IMPRESSMENT XYZ Affair John Marshall & American delegation to France John Marshall & American delegation to France 3 agents demand $250,000 for audience with Talleyrand 3 agents demand $250,000 for audience with Talleyrand Marshall & delegation leave France & publicize insult Marshall & delegation leave France & publicize insult Federalists drum up war fever against France Federalists drum up war fever against France Adams breaks with party to avoid war> this will cost him popular support in & out of his party

Alien & Sedition Acts Passed by Federalist Congress to limit power of Democratic- Republicans Raise Citizenship Requirement from 5 to 14 years Deport (peace time) or jail (during war) dangerous aliens Sedition Act: Fine & imprisonment for impeding government policies or defaming its officials Matthew Lyon & others imprisoned for writing criticisms of Adams

Kentucky (Jefferson) & Virginia (Madison) Resolutions Individual states were the final judge of laws passed in Congress Began Doctrine of Nullification Dispute not settled Election of 1800 throws Federalists out of Power

Election of 1800 Home State Political Party Electoral Vote House Vote Thomas Jefferson VirginiaDem.-Rep %1062.5% Aaron BurrNew YorkDem.-Rep %425.0% John AdamsMassachusettsFederalist6547.1% Charles Pinckney South CarolinaFederalist6446.4% John JayNew YorkFederalist10.7% Other----

Significance of Election of 1800 Federalist loss was direct result of Hamilton/Adams Rivalry Hamilton/Adams Rivalry Abuse of power through Alien & Sedition Acts Abuse of power through Alien & Sedition Acts Turning Point in History: lawful transfer of power from one political party to another. Repeal of Sedition Acts established the principle of “loyal opposition” Patriotism is to country not current government officials & their policies. Patriotism is to country not current government officials & their policies.

Federalist Legacy: Created strong federal government. Healed nation’s economic problems. Memory of Sedition Act would cause party to decline till it’s death after War of Adam’s midnight judicial appointments, would result in Federalist control of courts. Chief Justice John Marshall Chief Justice John Marshall