Topographical maps

cliff

Mountain

Complex valley

Contour maps how to read maps.shtml maps.shtml -activities/hiking/how-to-read-a-topographic- map2.htm -activities/hiking/how-to-read-a-topographic- map2.htm

Earth Quakes

Video 3 national geographic earthquake 101 Video 3 Video of earth quake you tube Video of earth quake Video 2 Japan photos Video 2 Video 3

What do you know about earth quakes?

Your Assignment: Invent a specific quake and imagine yourself in it. Open the template I have sent you on Phy Sci resources. You are going to write about your earthquake from three view points; News reporter, scientists, and eyewitness.

Earth Quake Causes They occur in Zones that coincide with the edges of the Lithospheric plates. (crust and upper section of the mantle) Deformation of the earths crust: – Compression – Tension; stretched – Shear; move opposite directions – Torsion; twisted

Earthquake waves Focus; the point of origin Epicenter; on the surface directly above the focus.

Earthquake waves

BODY WAVES P waves S waves

P waves Primary waves. The rock vibrates in the same direction the wave is moving. Travel the fastest through rocks

S waves Shear waves or Secondary waves Particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

Surface waves Can be like S waves Like Ocean waves with rolling motion Cause the most Damage to structures

Types of Faults Normal Fault: Tension forces Reverse fault; Compression forces Strike slip fault: Shearing forces animations

Normal fault

Measuring earthquake strength Richter Scale and Modified Mercalli Scale Measured by a seismograph

You must know the difference between the types of scales.

Richter Scale Based on the measurements of amplitude of seismic waves

Modified Mercalli Scale Measures the amount of structural and geological damage the earthquake causes or its intensity.

Richter scale

What happens to buildings in an Earth quake? They sway from the ground floor up. Taller buildings are more flexible and sway more. Shorter buildings shake to pieces.

Seismic Safe Structures A structure that is resistant to the vibrations from earthquakes. It will still be standing!!!!! The building and foundation need to be built to resist the sideways motion (load). Diagonal bracing. Allow the structure to move as a unit and not shake. Dampers that can absorb the motion so it is not transferred to the building.

Building material that absorbs motion. Large bearings ( rubber or springs) in the foundation Make structures that can bend. Strengthening the foundation and securing the building to the foundation

Diaphram Diaphragms are horizontal resistance elements, generally floors and roofs, that transfer the lateral forces between the vertical resistance elements (shear walls or frames). Basically, a diaphragm acts as a horizontal I-beam. That is, the diaphragm itself acts as the web of the beam and its edges act as flanges. (See figure 1)

Shear wall Shear walls are vertical walls that are designed to receive lateral forces from diaphragms and transmit them to the ground. The forces in these walls are predominantly shear forces in which the fibers within the wall try to slide past one another.

Braced Frame

Moment Resistant Frame

Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Volcanoes Molten rock beneath the surface called Magma rises through the crust. This forms Lava on the surface. Form at Subduction Zones both Continental and Oceanic

Magma is below the surface of the crust Lava is the molten rock on the surface.

Ring of Fire

Types of Volcanoes Cinder Cone: large fragments of solid materials

Shield Volcanoes Abundant lava flows; broad and flat shape that is made up of layers of lava flows.

Composite Volcanoes Include pyroclastic materials and lava flows. Usually along Convergent plate boundaries Water and silica forced down to mix at the boundary produce an especially viscous magma.

Mount Rainer in WA

Volcanic neck Definition: a hill resulting from differential weathering and erosion between the former feeder tube of a volcano and its surrounding rocks. A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic landform created when lava hardens within a vent on an active volcano. When forming, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of pressure if volatile-charged magma is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption. If a plug is preserved, erosion may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive landform.vent on an active volcano. When forming, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of pressure if volatile-charged magma is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption. If a plug is preserved, erosion may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive landform.

Ship Rock

Devils Tower

Volcanic dike Dikes are imaginable as the veins of a volcano, the pathways of rising magma. A dike is called a -usually more or less vertical- flat, sheet-like magma body that cuts unconformingly through older rocks or sediments. Most dikes can be described as fractures into which magma intrudes or from which they might erupt.

The End