Chapter 1 Living Things

For 3 minutes, discuss with the person beside you, which are living and which are non-living. Fill in your thoughts on your mini whiteboard.

Learning Objectives By the end of the lesson, you will be able to recall: 1.The 7 characteristics of living things 2.The definition of each characteristic

Living things Biology is the study of living things. Organisms: is another name for living things. All living things have 7 characteristics or features.

The 7 characteristics of living things are:

Nature Rarely Enjoys Giving Rubbish Much Respect Nutrition Respiration Excretion Growth Reproduction Movement Response

Nutrition Nutrition means getting food All living things need food as a source of energy Plants can make their own food using energy from the sun (photosynthesis) Animals get food by eating plants/other animals

Respiration Respiration means releasing energy from food Glucose in the food is broken down inside cells, and energy is released

Excretion Excretion means the removal waste products of chemical reactions from the body. Waste products may harm cells if not removed. Examples of toxic substances are carbon dioxide and urea. NH 3

Growth Growth means the organism develops into an adult. Humans grow from a single cell. Plants grow from a seed.

Reproduction Reproduction is the formation of new individuals. Scientists have a name for the “children” of all living organisms – they say OFFSPRING

Movement Movement means the ability of an organism to change position Some organisms can move part of the body eg plants. Some organisms can move both their entire body, and each section of the body eg insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

Response Response means organisms can gather information and react to it Some of the things that cause living organisms to respond are light, sound, touch, chemicals, gravity…eg:

What do you remember Cut out each box. Match each characteristic up with the correct definition.

Characteristics of Living Things Nutrition Means getting food Respiration Means releasing energy from food Excretion Removal waste products of chemical reactions from the body Growth The organism develops into an adult Reproduction Is the formation of new individuals Movement The ability of an organism to change position Response organisms can gather information and react to it

Lesson Objective At the end of the lesson you will be able to recall: -the 2 main groups that living things are divided into -differences between these groups -differences between invertebrates and vertebrates

Living Things What do you think are the two main groups that living things can be placed in. What are the differences between these 2 groups?

There are 2 groups into which living things can be arranged. The differences between plants and animals AnimalsPlants Move from place to placeDon’t move from place to place Don’t make their own foodMake their own food Don’t carry out photosynthesisCarry out photosynthesis Don’t have chlorophyll (so they are not green) Have chlorophyll (which makes them green) Animals grow from a single cellPlants grow from a seed

Some things to think about 1.Most animals move around while plants tend to ‘stay put’- why? 2.Animals have a highly developed nervous system compared to plants- why? 3.A lot of plants have to use the help of wind or insects for reproduction. Why?

All life processes are interconnected. Think of a connection between each of the following points a)Movement and nutrition b)Response and feeding c)Reproduction and movement

Are all of these plants??

Are all of these animals??

Animals can be divided into 2 groups: 1.Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a backbone. E.g. Jellyfish, earthworms, slugs, crabs. 2.Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. E.g. Fish, frogs, snakes, birds, humans, dogs.

Biological Keys Used to help identify organism

Cells

Cells Along with the 7 characteristics of life all living things are made up of cells. There are 100,000,000,000,000 cells in an adult human!! You need a microscope to be able to see most cells. nerve cell muscle cells blood cells bone cells

Animal Cells Animal cells have 3 main parts 1. Cell membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Cytoplasm

Animal Cells Cell membrane: surrounds the cell. Function: It controls what enters and leaves the cell. Nucleus: Function: is the control centre of the cell. Cytoplasm: Many reactions that happen in a cell happen within the cytoplasm.

Plant Cells Plant cells also have a cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. However plants cells also have a cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts. Nucleus Vacuole Cell Wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Plant Cells Cell wall: gives strength to the plant cell. Vacuole: store food, wastes and water. Chloroplasts: contain the pigment chlorophyll (this is what makes plants green). Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts.

The Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells Does the cell have:Animal CellPlant Cell A Cell WallX VacuolesX ChloroplastsX Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

Tissues Tissues: are a group of similar cells that have the same function e.g. Blood cells, bone cells. Cells in tissues are usually joined together Animal tissues include muscle, bone and nerves for movement

Organs Organ: is a structure that contains two or more tissues working together. Each organ has a particular function Animal organs include the HEART for pumping blood, LUNGS for breathing Plant organ e.g. flower

Systems System: consists of a number of organs working together. E.g: Reproductive system, Nervous system, Digestive System, Circulatory system… Cells tissues organs systems organisms

The Microscope

If living organisms are composed of cells, what do they need in order to grow bigger? … …MORE CELLS !! How organisms grow

Cell Division Cell division takes place in 3 stages… 1.A copy of the nucleus is made 2.The cell membrane grows inwards to divide the cytoplasm 3.The two new cells then separate …the new cells then grow to full size click to see a real cell dividing © A. Kihara (Hosei University)

What do you think? Most animals move about while most plants tend to “stay put” – why? Can you suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of being single-celled? Animals have highly developed nervous systems compared to plants – why? A lot of plants have to use the help or wind or insects for reproduction – why?