Chapter 11 Nutrition and Diets

11:1 Fundamentals of Nutrition Most people know there is a fundamental relationship between food and good health Many do not know what nutrients are needed Many are not able to choose proper foods for optimum health

Fundamentals of Nutrition _______________: all body processes relating to food – Digestion, absorption, metabolism, circulation, and elimination Nutritional status: state or condition of one’s nutrition ___________: a state of good health with optimal body function; the goal

Effects of Good Nutrition Healthy appearance ___________________ Proper sleep and bowel habits _____________________ Enthusiasm and freedom from anxiety

Effects of Good Nutrition Diseases or conditions prevented or delayed through good nutrition – ____________________- excess fat or salt in diet – Atherosclerosis- diet high in saturated fats/cholesterol – Osteoporosis- deficiency of Ca, Mg, Vit. D – _____________________- poor diet or illness

11:2 Essential Nutrients Chemical elements are found in food Used by the body to perform many different body functions Nutrients are divided into ______ groups

______________________ Commonly called starches or sugars Mainly produced by ___________ Easily digested Made of C, H, and O2 Sources: breads, cereals, pasta, crackers, potatoes, corn, peas, beans, grains, fruits, sugar, syrups __________________: indigestible form of plant carbohydrate – Provides bulk in the digestive tract

_______________ Fats/oils _____________________ (fat and fatty acids), phospholipids (lecithin), and ____________ (cholesterol) Made of C, H, O2 but have more O2 than carbs do Most concentrated source of ____________

Lipids Maintain body temp Cushion organs and bones Aid in absorption of fat –soluble vitamins Provide ___________ Sources: butter, margarine, oils, cream, fatty meats, cheeses, egg yolk

Saturated and Polysaturated _______________- usually solid at room temp. – Fat in meats, eggs, whole milk, cream, butter, cheese ____________________- soft or oily at room temp – Vegetable oils, margarines

________________ Found in body cells and animal products Used in production of steroid hormones, Vit. D, and bile Sources: egg yolk, fatty meats, shellfish, butter, cream, cheeses, whole milk, organ meats Synthesized by the ________ Transported in blood by lipoproteins, ______ and ________

HDL and LDL _________- “good cholesterol” – Transports cholesterol back to liver – Prevents plaque from accumulating on walls of arteries _______- “bad cholesterol” – Contributes to plaque buildup

____________ Essential for building and repair tissue Regulate body functions Provide energy and heat Made of _______ amino acids

Incomplete and Complete Proteins Complete proteins – The 9 amino acids essential to life – Sources: animal food- meats, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Incomplete protein – Sources: vegetable foods- cereals, soybeans, dry beans, peas, corn, nuts

Vitamins Important for: – ____________ – Tissue building – Regulation of body processes ________________- vitamins that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals

Water soluble and fat-soluble Water-soluble vitamins – Dissolve in water – Not normally stored in body Fat-soluble vitamins – Dissolve in fat – Can be stored in body

____________ Inorganic elements found in all body tissues Regulate body fluids Assist in various body function Contribute to growth Aid in building _______________

Water Found in all body tissues Essential for digestion of food Makes up most of plasma and cell cytoplasm Helps body tissues absorb ____________ Helps remove waste material through the body Average person needs ________ glasses of H20 a day

11:3 Utilization of Nutrients Digestion – Mechanical – Chemical Absorption Metabolism

Digestion Process by which the body breaks down food into smaller parts, changes food chemically, and moves food through the digestive system ______________ – Food is broken down by teeth and moved through the digestive tract by peristalsis _________________ – Food is mixed with digestive juices – Juices contain _____________ that break down the food

_______________ The process in which blood or lymph capillaries pick up the digested nutrients Most occurs in ________ intestines Water, salts, and some vitamins-_________ intestine

Metabolism Process by which nutrients are used by the cells for building tissue, providing energy, and regulating body functions _______________________________(BMR) – The rate at which the body uses energy for maintaining its own tissue, without doing any voluntary work