Sociolinguistic Patterns Social Class AgeGenderStyle Network Social Dimensions of concern

Social Class Upper Middle Lower Middle Upper Working Lower Working Divided Into The lower one’s social Status In New York city The fewer postvocalic /r/ one uses The higher percentage of alveolar rather than velar nasal endings use The more likely he or she is to drop hs In Britain Use the third person singular without -s Speak RP

Style Informal Formal Depending on Social context, relationship of the participants, social class Standard Language Crossover Pattern The excessive use of the post vocalic /r/ Which is A prestige marker of the highest social group Seen as Whom They are talking to Convergence A sign of solidarity Is a multidimensional phenomenon that Can be used as a boundary marker A manifestation of hypercorrection

Gender Men Women Social class More often The standard variants Of each use Lower middle class Hypercorrect more than men Tend Speech could be looked to find out which are stigmatized A way to achieve status Which is

Age The variable (t) Youngest speakers between the age of 7 and 16 A marker of social class membership The adult and school- age population More standard forms The young Adults between the age of 16 and 20 Is between Use Than

Network Contact between groups in urban society Accelerate the use of non-standard features May People with whom we interact A powerful source of influence on speech Are Into account different socializing habits of individuals takes Cut across social class boundaries and reveal differences within social classes May Dense network One in which the people whom a given speaker knows and interacts with also know each other Multiplex network One in which the individuals who interact are tied to one another in other ways Divided into Found at any level of society