1. Slide 1 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Socioling studies cliff’s notes: http://www.putlearningfirst.com/language/research/research.html  You should be able to provide basic info for at least Milroy, Labov and Trudgill

2. Slide 2 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Fischer (1958)  Variable = (ing) = runnin’ vs. running  Findings: boys use -in’ more than girls  More use of -ing in formal styles  Difference between model boy and typical boy  See p. 167 for fancy charts!

3. Slide 3 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Fischer (1958)  Variable = (ing) = runnin’ vs. running  Findings: boys use -in’ more than girls  More use of -ing in formal styles  Difference between model boy and typical boy  See p. 167 for fancy charts!

4. Slide 4 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Labov - NYC (and from article)  Variable = (r) =  Department store study and Lower East Side study - diff methodologies, similar findings  Dept Store - where are the women’s shoes? Fourth floor. Excuse me? Fourth Floor! - see p. 169  LES study shows hypercorrection pattern (see next slide) – style shifting shows some consciousness/prestige  Also investigated (th) = use of stop [t] instead of fricative in words like thin (see p. 169)  Sharp stratification between MC and WC shown in (th) data – indicates some consciousness - prestige

5. Slide 5 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 2 What does this graph show?

6. Slide 6 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 2 What does this graph show?

7. Slide 7 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 2 What does this graph show? Sharp stratification

8. Slide 8 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS England - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading (Cheshire)  Trudgill looks at 16 phonological variables  Finds social correlation with (ng), (t) and (h)  Similar patterns to Labov - style and class show distribution with more attention, more standard, and higher class, more standard (and women, more standard)  Chershire looks at grammatical variable (s) [and others]  She finds that there are linguistic factors as well as social ones - what word the variable is in = uses a vernacular index to indicate how vernacular a child was in participating in various events and how vernacular a word was (kill more vernacular)  Covert prestige vs. overt prestige  Gender differences

9. Slide 9 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS England - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading (Cheshire)  Trudgill 1972 (article)

10. Slide 10 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Detroit - Wolfram and Shuy  African Americans in Detroit  Variables (ng), (z) = 3rd person singular present tense agreement  (ng) finds [again!] that more formal styles, more standard (more -ing); higher social class has more standard variant; women have higher standard variant  See graphs p. 178-179 - contrast (z) grammatical variable vs. (r) phonological one shows sharp stratification vs. gradual stratification, respectively

11. Slide 11 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Detroit - Wolfram and Shuy  Sharp stratification (morphosyntax) vs. Gradual stratification (phonological)

12. Slide 12 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Various  Macaulay finds variation within variation  Each class had variation that was more continuous than the group averages indicate - reflect more complexities of social structure  Still informative because each class varies around a central point and those point (averages) are different for each class

13. Slide 13 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Various  Kiesling (1998) - frat men  Uses discourse analysis and comes up with explanations for men who do not fit pattern of (ing) usage (see p. 181)  He has an article on use of DUDE as a discourse marker indicating solidarity in American Speech if interested!

14. Slide 14 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Various  Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same (p. 77)

15. Slide 15 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Various  Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same (p. 78)

16. Slide 16 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Various  Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same in contexts (p. 85)

17. Slide 17 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Various  Kiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same – ling factors (p. 82)

18. Slide 18 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Montreal French  Various studies (Sankoff and Cedegren) or (Sankoff and Vincent) show that linguistics factors are important as well as social ones  See p. 182 for discussion Teheran Persian  Hudson’s discussion of Jahangiri of Tehran Persian  See p. 180 for clear differentiations and use of standard deviation - different than Maccaulay

19. Slide 19 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Belfast - the Milroys  Looked at 3 communities in Northern Ireland: Ballymacaarrett, the Hammer, and the Clonard  (a) and (dh) variables  Show mixed findings but links social networks with the use of vernacular forms - indicating that a close-knit network serves as a norm enforcement mechanism which means the ling norms (use of vernacular forms) can be more enforced in close-knit networks than not - not the same orientation to the standard forms if the “standard” within the group is seen as a different form  Kind of like covert prestige

20. Slide 20 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Other issues  Final consonant cluster reduction or AKA t/d deletion AKA coronal stop deletion - Wolfram and Labov show that there is a mix of linguistic and social factors affecting the variation  This shows linguistic and social effects  Variable rules used to more to satisfy Chomsky (Sociolinguists use Varbrul to calculate weight of effect of variable – over.5 means that this factor favors production – under.5 means this factor disfavors production)  Variable analysis now used to compare the weight of all these factors on their influence of variation - VARBRUL = Variable Rule program - http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/webstuff/goldvarb/ http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/webstuff/goldvarb/  See p. 187-194  With respect to t/d/ deletion - With ling factors, there is an order of constraints - which factors affect the variation the most

21. Slide 21 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Other issues  Labov shows a different order for some speakers rather than others (e.g., before pause)  Table on p. 191 shows that different varieties have a different constraint system - one ling variable is realized in different ways in different varieties - not just that one variable EXISTS in some varieties but not others; rather how each variety treats that variable is what differentiates it from another variety  Variable rules used to be used more to satisfy Chomsky  Variable analysis now used to compare the weight of all these factors on their influence of variation

22. Slide 22 LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 7 Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGS Other issues  t/d deletion – Labov (1994) p. 553 p. 554 – What does functional/counterfunctional mean?