Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Private pilot eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, proficiency, and aeronautical requirements can be found in __________. 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? 4) Define Form drag. 5) This type of drag refers to a change in the physical shape of the boundary layer which causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. What is it? Warm-Up – 10/15 – 10 minutes

Questions / Comments

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Private pilot eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, proficiency, and aeronautical requirements can be found in __________. 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? 4) Define Form drag. 5) This type of drag refers to a change in the physical shape of the boundary layer which causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. What is it? Warm-Up – 10/15 – 10 minutes

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Flying FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 14 CFR Part 61 Subpart E

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Private pilot eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, proficiency, and aeronautical requirements can be found in __________. 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? 4) Define Form drag. 5) This type of drag refers to a change in the physical shape of the boundary layer which causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. What is it? Warm-Up – 10/15 – 10 minutes

Forces of Flight What is the resultant force? Force 1 (465 N)Force 2 (465 N) Resultant is zero When opposing forces have the same magnitude and opposite directions, the resultant is zero and the object is in static equilibrium.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Private pilot eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, proficiency, and aeronautical requirements can be found in __________. 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? 4) Define Form drag. 5) This type of drag refers to a change in the physical shape of the boundary layer which causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. What is it? Warm-Up – 10/15 – 10 minutes

With the aircraft in a nose-high attitude, there is a vertical component of thrust that helps support it. During straight-and-level flight when thrust is increased and the airspeed increases, the AOA must be decreased in level flight. If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would climb. Thrust

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Private pilot eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, proficiency, and aeronautical requirements can be found in __________. 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? 4) Define Form drag. 5) This type of drag refers to a change in the physical shape of the boundary layer which causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. What is it? Warm-Up – 10/15 – 10 minutes

Form drag is the portion of parasite drag generated by the aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it. Examples include the engine cowlings, antennas, and the aerodynamic shape of other components. Form Drag

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Private pilot eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, proficiency, and aeronautical requirements can be found in __________. 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? 4) Define Form drag. 5) This type of drag refers to a change in the physical shape of the boundary layer which causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. What is it? Warm-Up – 10/15 – 10 minutes

This change in the physical shape of the boundary layer causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. When this happens, the airfoil has stalled. Skin Friction Drag

Questions / Comments

 October 15  1783 — The first man to ascend in a tethered balloon is French scientist Jean Pilatre de Rozier.  His hot-air Montgolfier balloon ascends to 84 feet — the length of the rope holding the balloon.

 October 15  1913 — Lieutenant Ronin makes the first official airmail flight in France.

 October 15  1927 — Capt. Dieudonne lands in Brazil becoming the first person to fly non-stop across the South Atlantic.  The 2,100-mile flight takes just over 18 hours.

 October 15  1939 — New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia dedicates an airport in Flushing bearing his name.  La Guardia airport is the costliest to build at the time, $45 million

 October 15  1955 — Douglas A4D “Skyhawk” sets a new closed course world speed record of mph.

 October 15  1958 — The North American Aviation X-15 research aircraft is unveiled.

Questions / Comments

SUNDAYMONDAYTUESDAYWEDNESDAYTHURSDAYFRIDAYSATURDAY 1 Chapter 3 Lift Theories Wingtip Vortices 23 Chapter 3 Test Flight Simulator Syllabus Chapter 4 Forces of Flight 89 Chapter Chapter 4 Quiz FltLine Friday Flight Simulator Chapter 4 Lift/Drag Ratio 1617 Chapter 4 Lift and Weight Chapter 4 Quiz 1 st Quarter Grades 2223 Chapter 4 Wingtip Vortices 2425 No School October 2013

Questions / Comments

FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4 TestResults

 2A Pilots (A – 93 & above)  Buchanan, Robert  Hetrick, Mark  Knuth, Logan  Morgan, Landon  Woodruff, Michael  2A Co-Pilots (B – 85 – 92)  Alvarez, Miguel  Davis, Mark  Fosnight, Sydney  Frazier, Noah  Lee, Daniel  Morgan, Jacob  Turner, Christain High Shooter (Score) 100%

 3A Pilots (A – 93 & above)  Nelson, Alex  3A Co-Pilots (B – 85 – 92)  Bingham, Jacob  Camacho, Ray  Lee, John  Yahres, Conner High Shooter (Score) 96%

Questions / Comments

Chapter 4 – Aerodynamics of Flight FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

 Mission:  Identify in writing the forces acting on an aircraft in flight.  Describe how the forces of light work and how to control them with the use of power and flight controls essential to flight.  Describe the aerodynamics of flight.  Describe in writing how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft during flight maneuvers.  EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly. Today’s Mission Requirements

Lift to Drag Ratio A ratio of L/D indicates airfoil efficiency. Higher L/D ratios are more efficient than those with lower L/D ratios. The L/D ratio is determined by dividing the CL by the CD. (CL/CD.)

Lift Equation Coefficient of Lift, C l –Determined experimentally –Combines several factors Shape Angle of attack Lift Direction of Flight Alternate format

Applying the Lift Equation The Cessna 172 takes off successfully from Denver, CO during an average day in May (22 O C) with a standard pressure (101.3 kPa). Assume that the take-off speed is 55 knots (102 kph). What is the minimum coefficient of lift needed at the point where the aircraft just lifts off the ground? The Cessna wing area is 18.2 m 2 and weight is 2,328 lb (1,056 kg).

Applying the Lift Equation Convert mass into weight Convert velocity

Applying the Lift Equation Calculate Air Density

Applying the Lift Equation Calculate coefficient of lift assuming that lift equals weight

Angle of Attack (AOA) Affects Lift Lift increases with AOA up to stall angle Lift Direction of Flight Airflow Lift Direction of Flight Airflow Lift Angle of Attack Stall

Critical Angle of Attack

Coefficient of Drag (C d ) Object shape affects C d

Drag Equation Coefficient of drag, C d –Determined experimentally –Combines several factors Shape Angle of attack Drag Direction of Flight Alternate format

Applying the Drag Equation The same Cessna 172 takes off under the same conditions as described earlier in this presentation. How much drag is produced when the wing is configured such that the coefficient of drag is 0.05?

Applying the Drag Equation Calculate drag

Lift to Drag Ratio

Note that the maximum lift/drag ratio (L/DMAX) occurs at one specific CL and AOA. If the aircraft is operated in steady flight at L/DMAX, the total drag is at a minimum. Any AOA lower or higher than that for L/DMAX reduces the L/D.

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson. 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson.