Yuzine b. Esa, PhD PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE (AKU3201)

Mobile phone: Consultation hours: -Directly after class -SMS or !! Contact details 1

Mid Sem Exam20% Ind. Assignment10% Lab report10% Final Exam40% Assessment

Introduction History Aquaculture status in Malaysia, ASEAN countries & global Importance, problems & technologies of aquaculture Today’s lecture

Aquaculture: Farming/culture of different aquatic organisms including animals & plants in controlled or semi-controlled environment

What is aquaculture?

Rearing/Farming of aquatic organisms in controlled or semi-controlled environment for the production purposes Aquaculture

Aquaculture = Culture Fisheries Other fisheries: 1)Capture fisheries 2)Recreational fisheries 3)Ornamental fisheries

1) Type of aquatic organisms Animals & plants 2) Environment Freshwater, brackishwater, saltwater 3) Type of culture techniques or systems Pond, raceway, cage, pen, raft 4) Specific character of environment Cold-water, warm-water, upland, inland, coastal, estuarine Aquaculture

Aquaculture involves: Hatching/breeding (Hatchery) Production (Grow-out)

1)Freshwater ( < 0.5 ppt) 2)Brackish water (0.5 – 30 ppt) 3)Salt water (> 30 ppt) What is ppt? Type of water for aquaculture

Fishes

Ornamental fishes

Molluscs

Crustaceans

Other animals

Plants

Started in China (~500 BC) Fan Li – Chinese Politician Book : ‘The classic of fish culture’ History 27

History of Aquaculture in Malaysia Began in the 1920’s with extensive polyculture in ex-mining pools of introduced Chinese carps, mainly the bighead carp, silver carp and grass carp In the mid 1930’s, marine shrimp trapping ponds were first developed in Johore In the early 1940’s, the culture of blood cockles (Anadara granosa) began. This was followed in the mid 1950’s by the extensive culture of freshwater fish in earthen ponds.

Most of the carps which are cultured, such as the Chinese carps, Javanese carps and the Indian carps, were introduced by the British in the early 1950’s. However, Indian carps did not last long as they compete with the Chinese carps and their appearance is inferior to that of the Chinese carps. History of Aquaculture in Malaysia

In the early 1970’s, great changes in aquaculture began to take place, when the semi-intensive culture of shrimp was developed in Johore. Shrimp culture was characterized by very low stocking density combined with pond fertilization. History of Aquaculture in Malaysia

During the same period, floating net cage culture of marine fish, mainly the green grouper (Epinephelus coioides), began to take place, followed by the raft culture of green mussels. History of Aquaculture in Malaysia

By the early 1990’s, aquaculture activities were further enhanced with the introduction of intensive commercial aquaculture with very high stocking density and complete dependence on supplementary feeding. History of Aquaculture in Malaysia

Commercial aquaculture was made possible through the establishment of government and privately owned fish and shrimp hatcheries, which started in the 1980’s. The setting up of private feed mills in the 1980’s also contributed to the commercialization of aquaculture. History of Aquaculture in Malaysia

Aquaculture: rapidly growing business! Need additional 27 million tonnes by 2030 Source: FAO (2010) Aquaculture- Global status

Annual growth production rate: 1)Aquaculture 8.9% 2)Capture fisheries 1.2% 3)Terrestrial farmed meat2.8%

Source: FAO (2010) Aquaculture- Global status

Source: FAO (2010) Aquaculture- Global status

Major share to global food fish supply Top ranked producers (volume & value) -China -India- Philippines -Indonesia- Myanmar -Thailand- Vietnam -Bangladesh- Malaysia? Aquaculture - ASEAN

1920s – (Chinese carp began farming) Polyculture of different Chinese carps 1930s- Breeding fish in rice fields, Marine shrimp ponds 1940s – Blood cockles 1950s – extensive culture of freshwater fish 1970s &1980s – big changes in aquaculture Aquaculture - Malaysia

Main authorities -Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-based Industry (MOA) -Department of Fisheries -Tenth Malaysia Plan National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs) -Agriculture Aquaculture - Malaysia

3 rd National Agriculture Policy -Promote sustainable aquaculture development -Aim to increase aquaculture production Aquaculture - Malaysia

Aquaculture Industrial Zone (ZIA) -Zoning land & coastal areas suitable for aquaculture) - ~30,000 ha in different states -Aquaculturist income minimum RM3,000/month -High quality aquaculture products Aquaculture – Malaysia

Target – 662,000 tonnes Aquaculture - Malaysia

Aquaculture facts -The highest production = shellfish (cockles) -The highest value = marine shrimp Status of Aquaculture

WHY IS AQUACULTURE IMPORTANT TO HUMAN?

3 main reasons: 1)Provides variety of products & material 2)Provides employment (22,000 fish farmers) 3)Provides income & economic returns

Food (protein, essential nutrients, minerals) Good source of income Potential export earner Food security Other products – agar, carragenan Pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical Importance of aquaculture

FCR = Mass of food eaten/body mass gain Low FCR = Efficient users of feed 54

Simple to complex high technologies a) Techniques (live feed, induced breeding, etc.,) b) Systems (Pond, RAS etc.,) c) Biotechnology (Disease diagnostic etc.,) d) Engineering (Design & construction of production facilities) e) Feed Technology (Ingredient, Processing) Technologies in Aquaculture

Lack of skilled labour Environmental issues – pollution, climate Land & water resources Feed (Fish meal, fish oil) Diseases Food safety & quality Seed production (High quality) Problems in aquaculture

Aeromonas sp. 57

Vibrio sp. 58