1. History of Aquaculture

2. Objectives To describe aquaculture and understand its importance.
To examine the history of aquaculture and observe its present state.
3. To contrast aquaculture and fishing.

3. Aquaculture
Is the act of raising and harvesting fresh- and saltwater plants and animals
Incorporates raising fish and shellfish under controlled conditions for distribution and consumption
Includes raising tropical fish for aquariums

4. 2000 – 1000 B.C. Was when aquaculture emerged in China
noticed fish were often washed into ponds by monsoon floods
inspired idea of “stocking” ponds to provide families with food
rice growers also noticed fish in the rice fields and began practicing polyculture
Polyculture – the raising of more than one species of plant or animal at the same time in the same place

5. 500 B.C. Was the year when Fan Lai wrote “The Classic of Fish Culture”
earliest detailed study of fish culture
describes the structure and function of ponds which house and promote propagation of carp
Propagate – to cause an organism to multiply by any process of natural reproduction

6. 500 B.C – 500 A.D.
Is considered the “Golden Age” of common carp culture
Chinese continued to cultivate carp and spread the practice to neighboring countries
achieved progress in techniques of culture as well as recorded culture systems
Is the time in which southern Asia began describing the use of reservoirs to hold fish

7. 618 – 906
Accounts for the rule of the Tang Dynasty in China, which prohibited the cultivation of carp
found other species of fish to culture for their food and overall livelihood
discovered polyculture of fish in the same pond compliment each other by eating different types of food and staying in different areas

8. 906 – 1120
Is the period when fry collection and dispersal in natural waters became highly developed
Was the era in India in which Namasollasa presented a publication concerning the fattening of fish in reservoirs
Is the time in which Chow Mit publishes “Kwei Sin Chek Shik” which describes fish transportation in bamboo baskets
Fry – the young of fish

9. 1360 – 1640
Is when works concerning the complete aquaculture process were described, including the following:
methods of raising fry to adults
structure of ponds
application of food
disease control

10. 1360 – 1640
Is the first time brakish water aquaculture was used in Indonesia
Is the period in which the “Complete Book of Agriculture” was published in China, including information on pond cultivation
Brakish Water – water which is saltier than fresh water but not as salty as seawater

11. 1640 – 1900
Is the period in which communication became readily available, allowing for the spread of information among countries
Allowed further fish culture methods to be developed, including the following:
fry production
seasonal occurrences of fry
transportation of fry

12. United States Aquaculture Prior to 1900
Consisted primarily of fish culture
Includes Cornell University offering a curriculum for aquaculture in 1812
Involves the transplantation and propagation of fish from their natural environments to new ones
allowed Americans to continue to purchase fish they were accustomed to overseas

13. United States Aquaculture Prior to 1900
Included identifying and treating many diseases and fungi present among fish and their living environment
Consisted of standardizing common names of fish
Consisted of finding improved ways to transport fish and fry

14. United States Aquaculture in the Early 1900’s
Universities began to develop aquaculture courses
Public interest in fishing rose, leading to the production of the baitfish industry
New methods for fish transport were utilized, including the airplane

15. United States Aquaculture in the 1940’s & 1950’s
The Warmwater Training School at the National Fish Hatchery was established in Marion, Alabama
provides training for federal hatchery managers
Feed costs were reduced after the first dependable dry pellet diet for trout was marketed
An estimated 1.6 million ponds existed in the United States by 1950

16. United States Aquaculture in the 1960’s
The Peace Corps extended practicing aquaculture in developing countries
Research improved feeding practices, disease control and organism growth
led to production on a larger scale and industry expansion
The Sea Grant College Program granted federal funding to land grant colleges for aquaculture research in 1966

17. United States Aquaculture in the 1970’s
Increase in catfish pond acreage from 400 in 1960 to 40,000 in 1970
Research allowed for better farming techniques after finding specific traits can be improved in fish
allowed for better growth, feed conversion and efficiency
The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 stated Congress designate aquaculture as a basic duty of the Department of Agriculture

18. United States Aquaculture in the 1980’s
Aquatic bioengineering emerged
The National Aquaculture Act of 1980 allowed for the establishment of the National Aquaculture Development Plan
Harvest limitations on commercial fishing began being imposed
Bioengineering – the application of engineering principles and techniques to problems in medicine and biology

19. United States Aquaculture in the 1990’s
Production doubles from 1984 – 1994
Many fishermen move from traditional fishing to aquaculture
Perception of aquaculture changes as more people see it as a branch of agriculture

20. Current Trends in World Aquaculture
Total value of world aquaculture production in 2000 was reported as $56.5 billion
Aquaculture production in developing countries as well as food-deficit countries has been steadily growing since 1970
Aquaculture production is growing more rapidly than all other food production categories

21. Current Trends in United States Aquaculture
Aquaculture production in the United States has continued to increase since the 1970’s
United States’ fish and shellfish exports have more than doubled since 1985
United States’ total consumption and importation of fish and shellfish products have gradually increased

22. Aquaculture & Fishing Differences include:
aquaculture involves production and growth while fishing only involves the harvesting
fish in aquaculture are kept in a controlled environment while those caught in fishing are from the wild
cost efficiency as aquaculture yields a higher income than fishing

23. Assessment
500 B.C. – 500 A.D. is considered the ________ ________ of common carp culture.
Aquaculture began in ________.
________ is the raising of more than one species of plant or animal at the same time in the same place.
1. Golden Age
2. China
3. Polyculture

24. Assessment
________ is when you cause an organism to multiply by any process of natural reproduction.
5. ________ offered an aquaculture curriculum.
4. Propagate
5. Cornell

25. Assessment Aquaculture emerged between 1000 and 2000 B.C. true false
Total value of world aquaculture production in 2000 was reported as $56.5 billion.
6. True
7.True

26. Assessment
The Sea Grant College Program granted federal funding to land grant colleges for aquaculture research in 1984.
true
false
Brakish water is water which is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as seawater.
8. False
9. True

27. Assessment
The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 allowed for the establishment of the National Aquaculture Development Plan.
true
false
10. False

28. Resources A Brief History of Aquaculture www.aquaculturecenter.com
www7.taosnet.com
Aquaculture Today
History, Status, and Future of Aquaculture in the United States
Aquaculture