The World After World War I: Nationalism and Revolution in Imperialized Nations II. The Case of India The Movement to End British Rule Begins

What was the state of India after WWI? Britain’s attacks on Islamic Ottoman Empire… On self-government? Worldwide Influenza pandemic… Mass-protests organized by Gandhi lead to massacre at the hands of the British…

British Rulers British Raj What makes British imperial rule different from earlier invaders? Western educated upper-class EVERYONE ELSE IN INDIA 90% Paid the price for peace, stability, and prosperity Top left: Between 1800 and 1900 over 30 million Indians starved to death because of famine

So how did a cultural national identity evolve? Common language Modern communications systems brought peoples and regions together British attitudes Slow moving reforms Above: The First Indian National Congress, 1885

Largely urban phenomenon Most important political expression of an all-Indian identity: Largely high-caste English trained Hindus Largely moderate Indian National Congress (INC) Loyalists who wanted a more active role in the fate of India Lawyers, journalists, teachers, businessmen Change traditional practices considered antiquated Spend money of development projects for economy Move towards self-government:

How did the British respond? Mocked INC’s claim to speak for ordinary Indians Slow calculated concessions Jailed radical leaders who called for terror and violence to achieve swaraj “independence” “divide and conquer” Above: General Reginald Dyer was responsible for ordering the attack in Amristar in 1919.

The key to unifying the movement was Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha (“truth force”) South Africa Returned to India in 1914 and joined INC -quickly rose in ranks -periodic mass campaigns that drew wide, popular support (peasants, urban poor, intellectuals, artists, capitalists, socialists, Hindus, Muslims Non-violent non- cooperation Simple, unpretentious lifestyle Representative of India’s poor Supported Muslims Wanted a united, cooperative India Sought moral transformation of individuals Indians and British Opposed a modern industrial future for India Wanted a society of harmonious, self- sufficient villages based upon ancient Indian principles of duty and morality

Gandhi leaves London for South Africa South Africa: under British rule legal, brutal, oppressive separation of whites from black majority and Indian immigrants Always considered self British, but experiences true systematic oppression for first time

Gandhi protests British racial policies in South africa Gandhi works for reform of South Africa: Initially works with the system to achieve reform BUT Not successful in changing attitudes, so no real lasting reform Establishes foundation for reform tactics: Non-violent non- cooperation = civil disobedience Sources? -Indian spiritual tradition of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism -H. D. Thoreau

Gandhi returns to India in 1914 Gandhi joins the INC and organizes mass strikes & protests: Says Indians have become too complacent in their own cooperation with British oppression, they need to gather their strength

Amritsar Massacre, Spinning cloth and the Salt March 1919, Amritsar: BRUTAL massacre of gathering civilians by Gen Dyer. turning point of the mov’t Whole country responds to the massacre and the Crawling Decree Builds up Indian nationalism and self- reliance through resistance: Spin own cloth to undermine British textiles Attract international and internal media frenzy through the Salt March, 1930

Unity Indian Independence Movement between WWI and WWII Simultaneously… Disunity 1916: At Lucknow Session of INC, all factions unanimously call for swaraj 1919: Amritsar Massacre 1920: Civil disobedience campaign begins 1922: Gandhi arrested for sedition 2 years in prison 1930: Gandhi leads Salt March to sea; 1931: Gandhi travels to London for Round Table Conference, returns to India and is arrested for sedition, held for 2 years without trial 1935: Gov’t of India Act passed, first movement towards independence 1939: World War II breaks out 1906: All-Indian Muslim League (AIML) founded 1916: Jinnah joins AIML 1920: Jinnah resigns from INC b/c he opposes policy of non-cooperation 1922: Nehru starts delivering speeches on how to deal with Hindu-Muslim unity, 1931: Jinnah attends Round Table Conference in London 1934: Jinnah elected permanent president of AIML 1937: elections give INC control of many provincial gov’ts Divisions in INC because of methods, goals, fears

Above: Nehru and Gandhi A secular, industrialized united nation working to end poverty, inequality and discriminations A united independent India of small traditional village- based societies

Above: Jinnah and Gandhi (1940) We need a separate nation for Indian Muslims. I have major concerns about the INC’s plans. We cannot divide India & Indians. We must stay unified.

How did the Partition of India affect Its political Development?