1. The Movement to End British Rule Begins
The World After World War I: Nationalism and Revolution in Imperialized Nations
A blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band
According to Ancient and Heraldic traditions much symbolism is associated with colors. The colors on the Indian flag represent the following:
Saffron - a symbol of courage
White - peace and honesty
Blue - vigilance, truth and loyalty, perseverance & justice
Green - hope, joy , fertility and love and in many cultures have a sacred significance
II. The Case of India
The Movement to End British Rule Begins

2. What was the state of India after WWI?
Britain promised gradual development of self-government in 1917 and reform are slow moving
Mass-protests organized by Gandhi lead to massacre at the hands of the British
Britain’s attacks on Islamic Ottoman Empire have antagonized Indian Muslims
Worldwide Influenza pandemic kills millions in India

3. Most important political expression of an all-Indian identity:
Indian National Congress (INC)
Loyalists who wanted a more active role in the fate of India
Largely urban phenomenon
Largely moderate
Bombay, Madras, Calcutta
Change traditional practices considered antiquated
Move towards self-government:
Greater inclusion in political, military, and business life to better protect interests of Indians
Largely high-caste English trained Hindus
Spend money of development projects for economy
Lawyers, journalists, teachers, businessmen
*country was multi-religious w/ large populations of Muslims in certain regions

4. How did the British respond?
Slow calculated concessions
“divide and conquer”
Played off minority Muslim fears that Hindu majority would seek to suppress their religion in an independent India
Mocked INC’s claim to speak for ordinary Indians
Jailed radical leaders who called for terror and violence to achieve swaraj
“independence”
Above:
General Reginald Dyer was responsible for ordering the attack in Amristar in 1919.

5. The key to unifying the movement was Mahatma Gandhi
Satyagraha
(“truth force”)
South Africa
Simple, unpretentious lifestyle
Representative of India’s poor
Supported Muslims
Wanted a united, cooperative India
Returned to India in 1914 and joined INC
-quickly rose in ranks
-periodic mass campaigns that drew wide, popular support (peasants, urban poor, intellectuals, artists, capitalists, socialists, Hindus, Muslims
Sought moral transformation of individuals
Indians and British
Opposed a modern industrial future for India
Wanted a society of harmonious, self-sufficient villages based upon ancient Indian principles of duty and morality
Non-violent non-cooperation

6. Amritsar Massacre, Spinning cloth and the Salt March
BRUTAL massacre of gathering civilians by Gen Dyer.
turning point of the mov’t
Whole country responds to the massacre and the Crawling Decree
Builds up Indian nationalism and self-reliance through resistance:
Spin own cloth to undermine British textiles
Attract international and internal media frenzy through the Salt March, 1930

7. Indian Independence Movement between WWI and WWII Simultaneously…
Divisions in INC because of methods, goals, fears
Unity
Disunity
1916: At Lucknow Session of INC, both moderates and extremist factions unanimously call for swaraj
1919: Amritsar Massacre takes place 3 days after nationalists hold a hartal (a day of fasting and prayer to protest Rowlatt Act, which drastically cuts civil liberties for Indians
1920: Civil disobedience campaign begins
1922: Gandhi arrested for sedition and spends 2 years in prison
1928: Residents in Bardoli district protest high rents using methods of non-cooperation
1930: Gandhi leads Salt March to sea; subsequently arrested for violating Salt Laws. Non-cooperation movements break out across India. Britain yields to protestors; releases prisoners
1931: Gandhi travels to London for Round Table Conference, returns to India and is arrested for sedition, held for 2 years without trial
1935: Gov’t of India Act passed, first movement towards independence
1939: World War II breaks out
1906: All-Indian Muslim League (AIML) founded and demands separate elections and fixed seats on local councils for Muslims
1916: Jinnah joins AIML
1920: Jinnah resigns from INC b/c he opposes policy of non-cooperation
1922: Nehru starts delivering speeches on how to deal with Hindu-Muslim unity, self-reliance, poverty, and employment
1931: Jinnah attends Round Table Conference in London
1934: Jinnah elected permanent president of AIML
1937: elections give INC control of many provincial gov’ts
-these gov’t began enforcing teaching Hindu in schools, protect cows from slaughter
-INC refuses to form a coalition administration w/ AIML in mixed areas.
-relations btwn Hindus and Muslims begin to deteriorate

8. A secular, industrialized united nation working to end poverty, inequality and discriminations
A united independent India of small traditional village-based societies
Above:
Nerhu and Gandhi

9. We cannot divide Indians. We must stay unified.
(1940) We need a separate nation for Indian Muslims. I have major concerns about the INC’s plans.
We cannot divide Indians. We must stay unified.
Above:
Jinnah and Gandhi

10. INDIA AND NON-ALIGNMENT