CHAPTER 4 ANATOMY of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Dr. Reitano

THE STRUCTURE OF A ______________ CELL __________ STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS________ STRUCTURE

Basic Bacterial ________ BASIC SHAPES: 1. Bacillus rod-shaped 2. Coccus spherical 3. _________ – _________ – Spirillum – Spirochete

SPIRAL BACTERIA.

PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE INTERNAL – Cytoplasm – Nucleoid Region _____ – Double-stranded – circular – ____________ – Inclusions/granules – Endospores EXTERNAL – ____________ Capsule Slime layer – Appendages _______ Fimbriae Axial Filaments CELL ENVELOPE (Outer Membrane) Cell _______ Cell Membrane

GLYCOCALYX DESCRIPTION – Sticky, gel-like – made of poly__________, polypeptides, or both – surrounds cell TYPES – _______ – organized, firmly attached to cell wall; ex. S. mutans, S. pneumoniae, B. anthracis – Slime layer – unorganized, ______ attached to cell wall FUNCTION – Capsules protect against _____________ – Protection against dehydration – Slime layers – play role in attachment and production of ______________

___________ Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses Masses will form on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical ____________

PROKARYOTIC ________ Description long, whip-like appendages Location external to cell Structure-different in filament -outermost ______-widest ________-anchors Function ___________ Runs, tumbles, swarms ________ - response to chemical signals

_______FILAMENTS in PROKARYOTES a.k.a. endoflagella Description – Bundles of ________ Location – Anchored at 1 end of spirochete cells – Wrap around the length of the spirochetes, ex. T. ___________, B. burgdorferi Function – Spiral, corkscrew MOTILITY

PROKARYOTIC __________ Description – hair-like appendages Location – Surrounds entire cell or at poles of cell Function – ____________ (attachment) – Ex. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Structure – _________ (pilin)

PROKARYOTIC _____ Structure – Long, rigid, tubular structures – 1 or 2 per cell Function – Conjugation – transfer of ______ from 1 bacterial cell to another

BACTERIAL CELL WALLS determine __________ provide structural _______

COMPARISON of GRAM POSITIVE and GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL CELL WALLS

PEPTIDOGLYCAN Polymer of a _______________ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Linked by poly___________ Figure 4.13a

Figure 4.13b, c BACTERIAL ________ STRUCTURE ____________________________________________________

GRAM-_________ CELL WALLS PG -______________ ____________ acids: Alcohol + phosphate Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan – May regulate _____(+ ion) movement in and out cell – Provide __________ specificity – Play role in cell __________ Figure 4.13b

GRAM-___________ CELL WALL PG - ________ __________________ – Structure Lipopolysaccharides Lipoproteins Phospholipids Porins – Function Defense – Helps evade _________________ – Helps evade complement action – Barrier to certain antibiotics (penicillin), lysozyme, detergents, metals, some dyes

________ BACTERIAL CELL WALLS ______________ sp. – Lack cell walls – ______ in plasma membrane Ex. Mycoplasma pneumoniae __________ – May or may not contain _______________ – Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

DAMAGE to BACTERIAL CELL WALLS Some methods include: _________- digests bonds between disaccharides in peptidoglycan. – In G+, results in _____plasts (totally wall-less cells). – In G-, results in _______plast (semi wall-less cells). _______- inhibits formation of peptide bridges in peptidoglycan. – G+ bacteria more susceptible than G- bacteria

Thick peptidoglycan ________ acids In acid-fast cells, mycolic acid present Gram-______ Figure 4.13b–c  Thin peptidoglycan  Outer membrane  ________ space-space between outer membrane and plasma membrane; thin ____ Gram-________ BACTERIAL CELL WALL SUMMARY

PRINCIPLE of _______ STAIN Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell Gram-positive – Alcohol dehydrates __________ – _______crystals do not _______ Gram-negative – ________ dissolves outer membrane and leaves _______ in peptidoglycan – ________ washes out

FLUID MOSAIC CELL _________ MODEL STRUCTURE: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER + _________ FUNCTION: controls ________ into and out of cell, PERMEABILITY DAMAGE to PLASMA Membrane- Results in leakage of cell contents/CELL _______ – Caused by: Alcohols, Ammonia ( detergents), _________ antibiotics Figure 4.14b

INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS _______________ substance inside the plasma membrane Figure 4.6a, b NUCLEAR AREA (___________ region) Genetic material-___________ Single, circular chromosome RIBOSOMES(70S) Function in ________ synthesis

PROKARYOTIC __________ Metachromatic granules (________) Polysaccharide granules ______ inclusions __________ granules Carboxysomes ____ vacuoles Magnetosomes _________ reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for ___ fixation _________________ Protein covered cylinders Iron oxide (destroys _____)

____________ __________ cells _______ to desiccation, heat, chemicals Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp. Sporulation: Endospore formation ___________: Return to vegetative state

______________ CELL What groups of microorganisms are eukaryotic?

_______ COMPARISON of EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE

Flagella and Cilia* *no ________ in prokaryotic cells Figure 4.23a, b Eukaryotic Flagellum: Structure Microtubules Tubulin ________ + 2 arrangement

EUKARYOTIC CELL WALL PROPERTIES* Function - Support, _____________ Structure (lack muramic acid) – Carbohydrate Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan – Plants, algae, fungi Cell walls NOT present in _________ cells _______________ – Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane – Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

EUKARYOTIC PLASMA MEMBRANE STRUCTURE - Phospholipid bilayer + ___________ -_______ (may be present)- protection against lysis -Carbohydrates-serve as -________ + recognition sites FUNCTION -Selective _________- allows passage of some molecules: water, simple sugars, oxygen, amino acids, carbon dioxide -Enzymes for ATP production

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES of EUKARYOTIC CELLS _____________ – Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus _____________ – Fluid portion of cytoplasm Cytoskeleton* – microfilaments – Intermediate filaments – microtubules provide support and movement for __________ Cytoplasmic ____________* – Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

EUKARYOTIC CELL __________* Membrane-bound: – Nucleus Contains chromosomes, genetic information; histone proteins** – ER ___________ network between plasma and nuclear membranes ______ complex Membrane formation, distribution, protein packaging – Lysosome Digestive _____________ – Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support – Mitochondrion Cellular __________ (70S ribosomes) – Chloroplast(plants) Photosynthesis (______________) – Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys __________

EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES Not membrane-bound : – __________ Protein synthesis (80S*) – Centrosome* Cell _____________ Consists of protein fibers and centrioles – Centriole* Cell ______________ Mitotic spindle formation

COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS: AN OVERVIEW PROKARYOTE One circular chromosome, not in a membrane No ___________ Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls ________: pseudomurein cell walls Divides by binary fission EUKARYOTE Paired ______________, in nuclear membrane Histones Organelles Polysaccharide cell ______, when present Divides by mitosis

____________________ THEORY __karyotes evolved from ____karyotes Prokaryotes develop a nucleus Eukaryotes ingest _______bacteria – become mitochondria Eukaryotes ingest photosynthetic bacteria – become __________ Figure 10.2

PLASMA MEMBRANE ________ transport _________ needed – Simple diffusion – Facilitated diffusion – Osmosis Active transport – _____ needed – Transporter protein – Group translocation – Endocytosis _____cytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles _____cytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances Function Selective permeability – allows passage of some molecules via the following transport mechanisms :

Movement Across Membranes PASSIVE TRANSPORT __________ diffusion : – Movement of a _________ from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitated diffusion : – Movement of a _______ from an area of _____concentration to an area of low concentration. – Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

Movement Across Membranes PASSIVE TRANSPORT __________ diffusion: – Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport) Figure 4.17 Solute combines with a transporter ___________ in the membrane.

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES Osmosis (passive transport) – Movement of _______ across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher ______ concentration to an area of lower ______ conc. Osmotic pressure – The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Figure 4.18a

Figure 4.17d MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS MEMBRANES- Osmosis (Passive Transport) Movement of water from a greater concentration of water to a lower concentration of water ( __________ gradient) a.through a phospholipid bilayer. b. through _______porins (water transporting protein channels).

Figure 4.18a–b THE PRINCIPLE OF _________

THE EFFECT of OSMOSIS on _____

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES ___________ transport – Transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. Group translocation – Transport of substances requires a transporter ________ and _______.

________CYTOSIS & _____CYTOSIS ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ACTIVE vs. PASSIVE TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION of TRANSPORT TRANSPORT PROTEIN DIRECTION of MOVEMENT REQUIRES ATPTYPE of TRANSPORT ___________ DIFFUSION __________ concentration gradient No Passive FACILITATED DIFFUSION ___ – carrier Proteins or channel proteins With concentration gradient ________ __________ ACTIVE TRANSPORT ___ – carrier Proteins ________ concentration Gradient Yes Active

COMPARISON of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS CELL PARTFUNCTIONPROKARYOTIC CELL*EUKARYOTIC CELL Cell WallSupport/ProtectionPresent*Plants only Plasma membrane Homeostasis/ Transport __________Present Nucleus__________AbsentPresent Genetic MaterialCell Function/Properties CircularLinear, chromosomes ___________Gene regulation/organization AbsentPresent Ribosomes_________ SynthesisPresent (______)Present (_______) CytoskeletonInternal StructureAbsentPresent Mitochondrion________ ProductionAbsent___________ _____________PhotosynthesisAbsent*Present* Endoplasmic Reticulum Intracellular transport/ chemical reactions AbsentPresent Golgi ApparatusProtein packaging/transport AbsentPresent Lysosome___________ MaterialAbsentPresent in some VacuoleStorage_____________Present