The First Modern War p. 358

Why “Modern” WW I saw the greatest use of technology and resources in history up to that time. The skills of most in the military, even the leaders, were not adequate for the new techniques and machinery being used. The shock on millions of men and women would change their thinking and outlook, affecting future generations.

The von Schlieffen Plan Germany depended on a 30-year old plan to win the war quickly against France and Russia. France would be attacked first, before it could get help from Britain and Russia. –Russia was assumed to take a long time to mobilize –Britain would not enter the war unless Belgium was invaded Once France was defeated in a month, all German forces would be turned on Russia –It was assumed that Russian industry could not sustain a war on the scale needed to survive a German invasion.

Mobilization The great powers prepared for war….. Troops mobilized: –France—8.5 million –Britain—9 million –Russia—12 million –Germany—11 million

Stalemate: situation in a war where neither side can defeat the other. The Western Front (France) was a stalemate because of trench warfare. The war in the trenches would last for almost four years.

A trench system. No Man’s Land

French troops fire grenade with a small catapult.

The most modern weaponry and warfare techniques were used in the Great War: Rapid-fire machine gun Long-range artillery Poison gas Gas mask Tank Bolt-action rifle Steel helmet Messenger dogs Barbed wire Tinned food Telephone Trench warfare

Zeppelin: Rigid-framed, hydrogen gas-filled balloons used by the Germans to bomb France and England Airplane –Spotter –Fighter –bomber

u-boat: Submarine warships, would hide underwater and attack passing ships. –Used by the British and Germans –Used most effectively by the Germans (Unterseeboot) against ships carrying cargo to Britain. convoy: To avoid submarine attacks, Allies organized cargo ships in groups, –protected by fast sub-hunting destroyers.

Review: 12 WW I Alliances Triple Entente changed name to: Allies Members were: (7) Serbia Britain (UK) Russia France Italy Japan (1915) United States (1917) Triple Alliance changed name to: Central Powers Members were: (3) Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire

Dardanelles: Narrow strait separating Russia from the rest of Europe. –controlled by the Ottoman Turks. Britain sent home and colonial troops to take it –mostly ANZACs (Australians and New Zealanders) to attack at Gallipoli, intending to take Istanbul. British troops are trapped for ten months, –lose 200,000 troops, and withdraw. Britain fails –to knock Turkey out of the war –To get supplies to a desperate Russia.

T. E. Lawrence: British officer sent alone to work with the Arab leaders. –Known as “Lawrence of Arabia” Succeeded in uniting the many Arab groups –led them in successful guerrilla raids on Turkish forces, destruction of rail and communication lines.

The Middle East EC: Eventually the Arabs would gain (3) –Palestine, –Syria, –Iraq –Though Britain promised them independence, the British and French had already planned to divide the lands between themselves. Lawrence was bitterly disappointed at the treachery. Arabs had another reason to distrust and hate the West.

Pal Battalions With heavy losses during the war, the British needed a way to increase enlistment. Pal Battalions were battalions of soldiers that came from the same city, town, or region. This allowed for communities to join up and fight together. Do you think this was a good idea for young British men? –It was good for morale, having people from your community fighting with you –However, if a battalion suffered heavy losses a entire community or region could be completely wiped out.

Standards Check, p. 358 How did the Allies stop the Germans from executing the Schlieffen Plan? Russia mobilized quickly in the east. Caused Germany to divert troops there. Britain and France stopped the weaker German western army at the Marne.

Map Skills, p. 359: 2 How did the battle lines move on the Western front from 1914 to 1918? They moved less than 150 miles No movement at all from Why do you think many Russians were demoralized by the progress of the war? Battle lines were pushed back far into Russian territory Defeats badly affected the Russian people

Eastern Front At first, Russia succeeded in penetrating eastern Germany, –EC: but was disastrously defeated by Germany at Tannenberg, in Russia could not supply its armies as fast as the Germans and Austria-Hungary. –EC: Soon millions of Russian troops had no replacement (3)… Food Ammunition Weapons –As a result, Russian troops were increasingly demoralized,

Betraying the Central Powers Britain and France made a secret treaty with Italy, How? –promising lands from Austria-Hungary if they won. What happened next? (4) Italy declared war on their former ally, Austria-Hungary, and joined the Allies. Italy failed to accomplish a decisive victory –It almost lost disastrously at Caporetto –But neither could Austria-Hungary advance.

Standards Check, p. 361 What made WWI much more deadly than previous wars? New or improved guns and artillery caused more casualties. Poison gas terrified soldiers Submarines sank many ships

Thinking Critically, p How did technological advances in machine guns and tanks affect soldiers in the trenches? They gave trench soldiers increased mobility, But also increased their risk of injury and death. 2 What effect did trench warfare have on soldiers’ morale? They were living in dangerous, harsh conditions Facing uncertainty of when the next attack would occur

Africa EC: _________________ home and colonial troops, cut off from the empire were easily defeated by British and French home and colonial troops. German

Standards Check, p. 362: In what way was the Eastern Front different from the Western Front? The Eastern Front shifted over more area than the Western Front, With less trench warfare and even more casualties.

West Asia EC: The Middle East was vital to the Allies for two reasons: –Getting supplies to Russia –Securing control of petroleum deposits EC: ____________________________ was in the way. –Cut off Allied supplies to Russia –Controlled lands endangering Allied petroleum supplies, –Cut off communications to West Asia. –The Ottoman Empire

The Great Atrocity The Ottoman Empire was also fighting Russia. Armenians backed the Russians. Turkey decided to deport/exterminate all of them to the deserts of Syria in –EC: This is called the __________________ and over 1.5 million die –“Armenian genocide”

Britain focused on Southwest Asia Arabs had been ruled by Turks for hundreds of years. Arab unity was very difficult, but they shared a common hate of the Turks. EC: _____________________ declared a revolt against the Ottomans. Hussein Ibn Ali

Map Skills, p. 362 How did the Ottoman Empire’s location affect what happened to it during WWI It was bordered on two sides by Allied countries, Russia and British Egypt It had to fight on several fronts.

All the imperialists used resources and troops from their colonies. EC: ___________________ called on troops from Britain –India –Burma –Canada –Australia –New Zealand –South Africa EC: ___________________ called on troops from France –West Africa Many of these non-White troops fought with the hope that their homelands would be given self-rule Others hoped they would be respected as equal citizens in the White empire, –they would be very disappointed and win nothing.

Standards Check, p. 363: The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, but eventually lost territory –Arab revolt, supported by Britain Colonies/Dominions British India, French West Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sent colonial troops to support the Allies.

Quick Write Why was the Eastern Front a more mobile war as compared to the Western Front which was a stalemate?