Taxonomy Linnaeus – Binomial Nomenclature Study of naming and classifying organisms

Phylogeny Classification based on evolutionary history Phylogenetic Trees

Cladistic Analysis Cladograms – based on order in time things branch (dichotomous branching)

Cladistic Analysis Homologies – similar due to evolution Analogies – similar due to environment Convergent Evolution

Cladistic Analysis Monophyletic – ancestor and all the descendents Paraphyletic – ancestor and some of the descendents Polyphyletic – multiple ancestors

Cladistic Analysis Primitive characteristic – ancestral (outgroup) Derived characteristic – unique to clade

Cladistics and Taxonomy Clade patterns are used to place species into a hierarchy

Parsimony Simplest answer is probably correct

Pitfalls Analogy vs. Homology

Reptilia???

Domains

Domain: Bacteria

Domain: Archaea Carl Woese – Prokaryotic cell but similar to Eukaryotes in DNA replication and Protein synthesis

Domain: Eukarya Protista – kingdom divided into many different kingdoms

“Kingdom” - Protista

Kingdom: Plantae

Charophytes

Division: Bryophyta

Division: Pterophyta

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Kingdom: Fungi

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Porifera No true Tissue Choanocytes – collar cells

Phylum: Cnidaria Radial Symmetry Nematocysts – Stinging cells

Phylum: Platyhelminthes Acoelomates Flatworms

Phylum: Nematoda Pseudocoelomates Roundworms

Phylum: Mollusca Protostomes Soft and unsegmented Radula

Phylum: Mollusca

Phylum: Annelida Protostomes Soft and segmented

Phylum: Arthropoda Protostomes Hard and Segmented Jointed feet

Phylum: Arthropoda

Phylum: Echinodermata Deuterostomes Water-vascular system Secondary Radial Symmetry

Phylum: Chordata Deuterostome Notochord Hollow, Dorsal Nerve Cord Post Anal Tail Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Subphyla: Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Subphyla: Vertebrata

Superclass: Agnatha

Class: Chondricthyes

Class: Osteichthyes

Class: Amphibia

Amniotic Egg

Class: Reptilia

Class: Aves

Class: Mammalia