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There’s NO ZOO in Zoology
An Odyssey of Animal Diversity
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Phylogeny & Taxonomy Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationship of animal groups Established by comparative study of homologies Anatomical Embryological Molecular Taxonomy Naming of groups Based on phylogenic relationships and homologies at Domain, Kingdom, Phylum level Based on individual traits at Genus & species level
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Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus
Species Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi 11 major & 9 minor phyla of Animalia Genus species binomial nomenclature used to specifically identify organisms Other intermediate taxonomic levels: subphylum, subclass, subspecies
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Taxonomy of Humans Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
1 Parazoa Eumetazoa 2 Radiata Bilateria 3 Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 4 Protostomes Deuterostomes 5 Segmented Segmented Arthro- poda Rotifera (rotifers) Mollusca Annelida Chordata (sponges) Porifera (roundworms) Nematoda Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Lophophorates Echinodermata Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Notochord, Pharyngeal arches, Dorsal nerve 5 Segmentation ? Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development 4 Pseudocoel Coelom No body cavity 3 Body cavity Radial symmetry 2 Bilateral symmetry No true tissues 1 Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist
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Fig a
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Fig b
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Protista Protozoans Fig. 9.9a
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A Colonial Protist - Volvox
Colonial Protist began to have specialized cell types Specialized cell types - hallmark of multicellular organisms
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
1 Parazoa Eumetazoa (sponges) Porifera No true tissues 1 Tissues Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Fig. 9.9a
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Fig. 9.9a Phylum Cnideria
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera 2 Radiata Bilateria Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Radial symmetry 2 Bilateral symmetry Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Fig
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Body Axes Radiate Animals Oral – Aboral Axis
Bisection of the animal by any plane radiating from the oral-aboral axis will produce symmetrical halves There are an infinite # of radiating planes aboral Mouth oral
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Body Axes Bilateral Animals Anterior-Posterior Axis
Dorsal-Ventral Axis Left-Right Axis Only bisection by a plane along anterior-posterior axis (sagittal plane) will produce symmetrical halves
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnideria Coelomic cavity Fig. 9.9a Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) 3 Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates Platyhelminthes (flatworms) No body cavity 3 Body cavity Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue
Body Cavity Types No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue platyhelminthes Fig. 9.12
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Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs
Body Cavity Types Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs Protostomes
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True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall
Body Cavity Types True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall Deuterostomes
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Fig. 9.9b
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Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs
Body Cavity Types Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs Protostomes
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Coelom Pseudocoel (roundworms) Nematoda Rotifera (rotifers) Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca
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True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall
Body Cavity Types True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall Deuterostomes
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Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
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Fig. 45.2
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Protostomes Deuterostomes 4 Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development Mollusca Coelom Pseudocoel (roundworms) Nematoda Rotifera (rotifers) Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Phylum Annelida Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca
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Fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.14
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Protostomes Deuterostomes 4 Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development Mollusca Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Segmentation Segmented 5 Annelida Arthro- poda Coelom Pseudocoel (roundworms) Nematoda Rotifera (rotifers) Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms anus Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida
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Phylogeny of Kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Protostomes Deuterostomes 4 Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development Mollusca Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Segmentation Segmented 5 Annelida Arthro- poda Coelom Pseudocoel (roundworms) Nematoda Rotifera (rotifers) Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Protostomes Deuterostomes 4 Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development Mollusca 5 Segmented Segmented Notochord, Segmentation, Jointed appendages Echinodermata Chordata Coelom Pseudocoel (roundworms) Nematoda Rotifera (rotifers) ? Lophophorates Arthro- poda Annelida Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton 5 Segmentation Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms anus Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida
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Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Protostomes Deuterostomes 4 Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development Mollusca 5 Segmented Segmented Coelom Pseudocoel (roundworms) Nematoda Rotifera (rotifers) ? Lophophorates Arthro- poda Annelida Chordata Echinodermata Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Notochord, Segmentation, Jointed appendages 5 Segmentation Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Fig. 47.3
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms anus Phylum Chordata Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Annelida
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Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Tissues 1 Parazoa Eumetazoa No true tissues (sponges) Porifera Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Protostomes Deuterostomes 4 Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development Mollusca 5 Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Segmentation Segmented 5 Annelida Arthro- poda Segmented Notochord, Segmentation, Jointed appendages Echinodermata Chordata Coelom Pseudocoel (roundworms) Nematoda Rotifera (rotifers) ? Lophophorates Ancestral protist Multicellularity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Fig. 48.2
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Primitive Chordate Body Plan
Post-anal tail
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A Typical Vertebrate
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