Plants! Structures and Processes

Photosynthesis oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

Chemical Reaction Stoma (Stomata) – a minute opening in the outer layer of a plant through which gaseous interchange takes place.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis – a plant life process that uses energy from the sun as well as carbon dioxide and water to form carbohydrates (sugar/glucose). Chlorophyll – the molecule in a plant cell that traps sunlight and uses the light energy to break down carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen. It gives plants their green color. It is located inside the chloroplast. Glucose – a sugar that green plants produce during photosynthesis.

Vegetative reproduction – asexual reproduction where a plant can make a copy of itself that is genetically identical.

Bulb Runner Eye

Vegetative Reproduction – Bulbs – buds with short stems, modified compacted leaves for food storage, and epithelial tissue between each leaf. – Runners – stems that grow above ground in vegetative reproduction. – Farmers cut up plants and use eyes, buds, leaves, roots, and stems to grow new identical plants.

Most large plants must have a male and female part to reproduce. During reproduction a male gamete and a female gamete combine to create a baby plant. When the male and female cell combine they form a fertilized egg (zygote). This egg will grow into an embryo (baby plant). This embryo is protected inside a seed. Gamete – a cell used for reproducing. The male cell is called a sperm, the female cell is called an egg. Zygote – a fertilized egg. Embryo – a mature zygote in the female plant that will eventually become a seed. Germination –the growth of an embryo in a plant.

Male Gamete Female Gamete Zygote (Fertilization) Embryo (Germination)

Flowering plant – uses a flower as the reproductive organ of the plant. Pollination – transferring pollen from anther to stigma.

Fertilization – the result of a sperm and egg uniting.

Embryo Endosperm Seed Coat Cotyledon

Seed Coat – the structure that protects the plant embryo until favorable conditions allow the embryo to begin to grow Endosperm – tissue surrounding an embryo of the seed in a flowering plant. This tissue supply nutrients to the embryo. Cotyledon - the leaf(leaves) of the embryo. These leaves will perform photosynthesis once the embryo has sprouted.

Vascular Plants Vascular plants transport things throughout the plant in 2 main ways. Xylem – one type of vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and provides structure. Phloem – the set of tube like structures in vascular plants that transport sugars, which are made primarily in the leaves, to other parts of the plant and store it for later use. (Circulatory System)

Plant Growth Fertilization – the result of a sperm (male gamete) uniting with an egg (female gamete) to form a zygote. Embryo – a mature zygote is in the female plant ovule, it will become a seed. Germination – the process of the growth of the embryo of a plant.

Plant Growth Endosperm – a tissue surrounding an embryo of a seed in a flowering plant that supplies nutrients to the embryo. Seed coat – the structure that protects the plant embryo until favorable conditions allow the embryo to begin to grow. Monocot – has one seed leaf