Chapter 18 Classification.

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Chapter 18: Classification

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 18 Classification

Why Classify? The goal of systematics is to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning By using a scientific name, biologists can be sure that they are discussing the same organism. Ex. cougar, puma, panther, and mountain lion can all be used to indicate the same animal— Felis Concolor.

Linnaean Classification System Organizes living things into groups (taxa) that have biological meaning Linnaeus grouped species according to anatomical similarities and differences Linnaeus’s classification system includes seven hierarchical taxa: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

Classification

Binomial Nomenclature Linnaeus developed a two- word naming system in the 1730s= binomial nomenclature The scientific name is written in italics The first word begins with a capital letter The second word is lowercase EXAMPLE : Genus species Polar bear = Ursus maritimus

Dichotomous Key Used to identify organisms Consists of paired statements that describe alternative characteristics for an organism.

Problems with Traditional Classification Organisms that look alike are not always the most closely related Which two are most closely related? Dolphin wolf shark

Evolutionary Classification Evolutionary classification = groups species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent (not overall similarities and differences) Clade = a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor—living and extinct.

Cladogram Cladogram = illustrates how groups of organisms are related to one another by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

Derived character = a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants

Clade or not a clade????

DNA in Classification Similarities and differences in DNA can be used to develop hypotheses about evolutionary relationships. Ex. DNA analysis revealed that the giant panda shares a more recent common ancestor with bears than with raccoons. Therefore, the giant panda has been placed in a clade with bears. Red pandas, however, are in a clade with raccoons

The 6 Kingdoms

The 3 Domains Genetic analysis shows the two prokaryotic kingdoms are more different from each other, and from eukaryotes Domain = a larger, more inclusive category than a kingdom.

The Tree of Life