Enlargement Kaoru Katata & Yusuke Arima

Table of Contents Why Expand? Enlargement Rounds: the History of Enlargement The Integration Process Copenhagen Criteria The Future of Enlargement; Applying Countries and Future Possibilities

Why Expand?

States Joining the EU Pros Free trade/ no tariffs between member states Free movement of citizens Financial aid & support for small countries Recognition as a democratic country Cons Loss of sovereignty → All rules apply to all members Increased influence of other countries Threatens national identity

EU Integrating More States Pros Becomes a more important global actor Larger internal market Wider eurozone Convergence in living standards Cons Difficulties reaching an agreement Diverse culture, society, economy Higher risk of burden → A rotten apple spoils the barrel

Countries Want to Join/ EU Wants to Accept Because… Pros > Cons Not in the case of Norway…

Enlargement Rounds: the History of Enlargement

~ ~ Original Members First Round Chronological Table Mediterranean Round Croatia 10+2 Round EFTAn Round

EC States of 1957 Italy West Germany France Netherlands Luxemburg Belgium

~ ~ Original Members First Round Chronological Table Mediterranean Round Croatia 10+2 Round EFTAn Round

First Enlargement Round (1973) United Kingdom Denmark Ireland

Reasons for Joining the EC UK- Decrease in political / economic influence → UK no longer being a superpower/ → UK no longer being a superpower/ EC outperforming the UK EC outperforming the UK Denmark & Ireland- Because the UK decided to join → Strong economic and historical links with UK → Strong economic and historical links with UK

~ ~ Original Members First Round Chronological Table Mediterranean Round Croatia 10+2 Round EFTAn Round

Mediterranean Round (1981&1986) Greece (1981) Spain (1986) Portugal (1986)

Reasons for Joining the EC Greece- End of coup de tat (1974) → Underpin democracy/ consolidation of Western European & Western Alliance bonds Spain- Death of General Franco (1975) Portugal- Overthrow of Caetano regime (1975) All were economically not ready, but EC members wanted to politically stabilize southern Europe.

~ ~ Original Members First Round Chronological Table Mediterranean Round Croatia 10+2 Round EFTAn Round

EFTAn Round (1995) Austria Finland Sweden

Reasons for Joining the EU Austria and Sweden did not need to be “neutral” → end of the cold war EC-EFTA relationship was unsatisfactory → EFTA countries had no say in formulate trading rules Switzerland applied, but was not ratified.

~ ~ Original Members First Round Chronological Table Mediterranean Round Croatia 10+2 Round EFTAn Round

The Round (2004~2007) Cyprus Czech Republic EstoniaHungaryLatviaLithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria (2007) Romania (2007)

Reasons for Joining the EU Wanted to establish a politically democratic and market-based economic system. (EU offered frameworks and policies to pin such systems) Wanted to join the symbol of “New Europe”.

However… EU members thought of CEES joining the EU as unrealistic, as they did not meet their demands. Copenhagen Criteria (membership requirements) was laid down in 1993.

~ ~ Original Members First Round Chronological Table Mediterranean Round Croatia 10+2 Round EFTAn Round

July 1, Croatia Free trade Free movement of people within EU → increase in sightseeing

The Integration Process

Steps to Membership START: submit an application to the EU's Council of Ministers The Commission: opinion The Council: confirm the candidate status decide to open accession negotiation → Negotiation starts!

Screen on chapters of the aquis The Commission: examine and write a screening report on requirements EU: open chapters the applicant: present a position the applicant: present a position Agreement Agreement Close chapters Close chapters

List of Aquis

Draft Treaty of Accession The EU and the applicant state: agree The EU and the applicant state: agree The Commission: opinion The EP: assent Member states and the applicant: sign Signatory states: ratify according to national procedures

Draft Treaty of Accession treaty comes into force FINISH: gain membership

Copenhagen Criteria

Why Do We Need It? Increased number of potential applicant states since the 1980s. Countries in Central and Eastern Europe were in transformation from communism to Western models. Member states were afraid that accepting so many new countries without adequate preparation does the EU harm Member states were afraid that accepting so many new countries without adequate preparation does the EU harm Enlargement process was based on the Article 237 of the EEC treaty

Article 237 Any European State may apply to become a member of the Community. It shall address its application to the Council, which shall act unanimously after obtaining the opinion of the Commission. The conditions of admission and the adjustments to this Treaty necessitated thereby shall be the subject of an agreement between the Member States and the applicant State. This agreement shall be submitted for ratification by all the Contracting States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.

What Are the Requirements? Stable institutions which guarantees democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. A functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces in the EU. Presupposition that the country is able to fulfill the obligations of membership including persistence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

To Gain Membership, States Must Respect: LibertyDemocracy Fundamental freedoms Human rights

Criticism against Copenhagen Criteria The EU require higher standards of new members than it does of existing members The leverage is not effective after the applicant state becomes a member.

The Future of Enlargement; Applying Countries and Future Possibilities

Currently Applying Countries TurkeyIceland Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia)

How Can Europe Be Defined? Article 49 of the Treaty on the European Union- “Any European State may apply to become a member …”

Geographically? What are the geographical boundaries? (Ural Mountains/ Caspian Sea)

Shared Values? Cited from “Eurobarometer”

Other European organizations have a wider membership than the EU ex) Council of Europe → Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, etc ex) Council of Europe → Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, etc Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE) → Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Canada, US, etc

Discussion Questions To what extent should the EU enlarge? ・ Stop enlarging? ・ Stop enlarging? ・ Expand within Europe? If so, what is “Europe”? ・ Expand within Europe? If so, what is “Europe”? ・ Accept non-European countries? ・ Accept non-European countries?