Imperialism

Practice of establishing and controlling colonies Reasons for American Imperialism –Desire for new markets –Expand Christianity & democracy –Social Darwinism –Other countries had established empires

Imperialism –Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Map reflects post WWI status – note German colonies

James G. Blaine US – Latin America James Blaine’s ‘Big Sister’ policy – promoted trade Pan-American Conference in Washington, DC (1889) Chilean Crisis –US backed losing side of Chilean civil war –US sailors beaten and killed by mob in Chile

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute –Venezuela & British Guiana –Monroe Doctrine –President Cleveland – US would set the border –UK stated Monroe Doctrine was null and void –Tensions to 3rd war of independence? –Peacefully settled w/ UK getting lion share of disputed land US – Latin America

Hawaii Growing US influence on islands beginning in 1820 US granted trade and naval base rights in 1880s Minority white sugar planters staged revolt against Queen Liliuokalani to circumvent the US tariff After a investigation, President withdrew annexation treaty Sparked 1st Imperialism debate in US Hawaii annexed 5 years later during Spanish-American War

Sanford B. Dole was sworn in as the first territorial governor on the steps of ‘Iolani Palace as American businessmen and plantation owners lauded victory against the monarchy

Spanish – American War Cuban revolt against Spanish rule –Scorched earth methods employed by Spanish –Initial resistance of US involvement by Pres. Cleveland

Spanish – American War Reasons for U.S. involvement –U.S. investment - esp. sugar ($50 million) –Yellow Journalism – exposure of Spanish brutality “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” William R. Hearst

Spanish – American War Reasons for US Involvement –Writings of Jose Marti –De Lôme Scandal –USS Maine Ship sent to Havana to protect US civilians 260 dead in explosion US blamed Spain; Spain said accident 1976 US Navy investigation determined accident

Teller Amendment –Amendment to the declaration of war –US to help Cuba evict Spain –Cuba would become independent after war “Wink, wink, nudge, nudge…say no more!” –Result of anti-imperialist debate Spanish – American War

Commodore Dewey defeated Spanish fleet in the Philippines

Spanish – American War U.S. blocked Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor

Spanish – American War TR’s (horseless) ‘Rough Riders’ charge San Juan Hill

Spanish – American War Spanish fleet destroyed U.S. invaded Puerto Rico Spain Surrendered

Spanish – American War Treaty gave US control of Puerto Rico, Guam & the Philippines The U.S. Spain paid $20 million for the Philippines

“To hell with the Yankees! Dammit, I mean the Spaniards.” General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Wheeler

Post-War Relations Cuban Independence (?) –Platt Amendment (1901) written into Cuba’s Constitution Cuba could not sign foreign treaties that threatened her independence US could intervene if necessary in the economy or political system US could place naval bases in Cuba – Guantanamo Bay –After Breton Woods / WWI, Cuban monetary policy determined by Federal Reserve Bank in Atlanta –(1 & 2 Above) ended by FDR in 1933 as part of his Good Neighbor Policy and the installation of a pro-US regime following a socialist victory in elections

Anti-Imperialist League formed –Opposed US control of weaker countries Insular Cases –Supreme Court ruled that the ‘flag outran the constitution” Post-War Relations

Expectation of independence after Spanish-American War like the Cuba – less than one year later… War for Philippine Independence led by Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine War

Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo (seated third from the right), waged a guerrilla campaign to expel Americans from the islands. U.S. soldiers captured Aguinaldo in (National Archives) Aguinaldo was captured in March 1901 and eventually pledged allegiance to the United States. The Philippine- American War was declared to be over a year later, though Muslim fighters in the southern Philippines continued to resist until 1914.

U.S. repressed the insurrection after three years Perception of war The Philippines Commission – future president Taft “My little brown brothers.” Independence granted in 1946 Philippine War

Open Door Note –‘Note’ written by Secretary of State John Hay (1899) –European nations with spheres of influence in China –Encouraged open trade with all nations –Accepted in principle, but not in practice China & the Open Door

A Fair Field and No Favor. Uncle Sam: “I am out for commerce, not conquest!”

China & the Open Door Boxer Rebellion (1900) –Approx 3000 years of self-rule in China –Nationalist Chinese group attacked foreigners in China –Suppressed by an international military force

TR Foreign Policy “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Interventionist –Aggressive Diplomacy –Projection of Military Strength

Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) –Britain gave US free hand in building canal –Bought French project for $40 million

Panama Canal Panama revolted against Columbia –US complicity Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty –US got 10-mile wide canal zone & rights to fortify

“Addition” to the Monroe Doctrine Policy of preemptive engagement in Latin America TR promoted it as the US being the ‘policeman’ of Latin America Critics called it a new policy Roosevelt Corollary

Justified US military intervention in the Caribbean and Central America Contributed to the poor relations between the US and Latina America Roosevelt Corollary Page 674 in your text

International incident sparked by segregated schools in CA TR brokered deal with would limit Japanese immigrants to US Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan (1908)

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) US and Japan would respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and uphold the Open Door policy in China

TR mediation of the Russo- Japanese War (1905) –Earned TR the Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Peace Prize (!?!)

Great White Fleet World Tour (1907) Modern Navy Show of strength = quiet Japanese