Chapter Five: Cell Structure and Function 5.1 What are Cells? 5.2 Cells: A Look Inside

A cookie factory is like a cell. An analogy is a way of explaining something complicated using an easier example. A cookie factory is a good analogy for understanding all the cell parts and their functions.

5.2 Cells: A Look Inside Every cell part has a job or function. This chart shows how a cell is like a cookie factory

5.2 The cell membrane and nucleus To make cell parts visible under a microscope, you can apply a stain to the cells. Methylene blue is a stain often used to look at animal cells.

5.2 The cell membrane and nucleus The cell membrane is a thin layer that separates the inside of the cell from its outside environment. It keeps the cytoplasm inside while letting waste products out.

5.2 The cell membrane and nucleus The nucleus is covered with a membrane that allows materials to pass in and out. It’s often called the “control center” of the cell because it contains DNA. The nucleolus acts as a storage area for materials.

5.2 Organelles and their functions Mitochondria are called the “powerhouses” of cells. They produce much of the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions.

5.2 Organelles and their functions A vacuole is the storage area of the cell. Vacuoles store water, food, and waste.

5.2 Organelles and their functions The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of tunnels throughout the cytoplasm. They transport proteins from one part of the cell to another.

5.2 Organelles and their functions Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell. When ribosomes make proteins, they release them into the ER.

5.2 Organelles and their functions Golgi bodies receive proteins and other compounds from the ER. They package these materials and distribute them to other parts of the cell.

5.2 Organelles and their functions Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break things down. Lysosomes pick up bacteria, food, and old organelles and break them into small pieces that can be reused.

5.2 Organelles and their functions The cytoskeleton is a series of fibers made from proteins. It provides structure to the cell and gives it its shape.

5.2 How plant cells are different 1.Plant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. A chloroplast is an organelle that contains a green pigment called chlorophyll.

5.2 How plant cells are different 2.Plant cells have a large central vacuole that stores cell sap. 3.When the vacuole starts to empty the plant wilts.

5.2 How plant cells are different 3.Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. Cell walls provide structure and support for the plant.

Activity It is not always clear how the size of the cell is related to the parts inside. In this activity, you will explore the relationship of cell size to organelle size by creating a scale model. Build a Scale Model of a Cell