Mark Halliday Meaning is in every choice the T does Meaning is related to the wider sociocultural framework

Relation of genre and register to language Sociocultural environment > Genre > Register (field, tenor, mode) > Discourse Semantics (ideational, interpersonal, textual) > Lexicogrammar (transitivity, modality, theme- rheme/cohesion) there is a strong interrelation between the linguistic functions and the sociocultural framework

Register Field: content (delivery of goods) Tenor: actors (a sales representative to a customer) Mode: form of communication (written) each of this variable is associated with a strand of meaning strands = metafunctions

3 Metafunctions Field > ideational meaning (realized through transitivity patterns) Tenor > interpersonal meaning (realized through patterns of modality) Mode > textual meaning - realized through thematic and information structures (the order + structuring in a clause) and cohesion (the way thte text hangs together) meaning is grammaticalized

Analysis of transitivity, modality, thematic structure and cohesion reveals HOW the text means

Juliane House revised this model to produce a systematic comparison of the textual profile of the ST and TT

2 types of translation: Overt translation : a TT does not purport to be an original (diff. aims and functions) Covert translation : a TT enjoys the status of an original source text in the target culture

Mona Baker focuses on thematic considerations: Thematic structure is realized differently in different languages - “sono state analizzate le relazioni tra dopamina e funzioni motorie” - “the relations between dopamine and motor functions were analyzed” - “an analysis is carried out of the relations between dopamine and motor functions” (> this meets the conventions of the genre)

The translator should be aware of the relative markedness of the thematic and information structures Only the best tennis is played at Wimbledon Do you play tennis? It was Rush who scored the goal What Rush did was galvanise the rest of the team That Rush would come back to Liverpool was never in doubt Against all the odds, Liverpool managed to win

COHESION > increased explicitation of cohesive ties may be a general strategy adopted by all translators (networks of lexical cohesion will not be identical across languages) Cohesion achieved through:  Conjunction: Bond arrived and sat down  Reference: John came in. Martha told him...  Ellipsis: It might rain but I hope it doesn't  Repetition: The only thing to fear is fear itself  Synonyms: Having lost an opportunity, he won't get a second chance  Use of Semantic-related items: That's the top and bottom of it / She sewed a new button on her jacket

3 pragmatic concepts: Coherence: Good evening ≠ Buonasera Presupposition: With all these issues voters are facing, and it currently being anyone’s game in the GOP candidacy race, citizens should keep updated on what the elephants [=Republicans] are up to. / Casini vorrebbe impugnare di nuovo lo scudo crociato [simbolo Democrazia Cristiana] Implicature: Will you go to the party? I have to work [=No, I won’t beacuse I have to work] / Is Mr. Smith a good student? He is always neatly dressed and very polite [=No, he is a rather poor student, but at least he is always neatley dressed...]