1. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles

2. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles

3. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles 528 am EST Fri Nov 7 2003... Winter Storm Warning today... Expect lake effect snow showers to accumulate an additional 3 to 5 inches today. Sustained west to northwest winds of 20 to 30 mph with gusts to 40 mph will cause considerable blowing and drifting snow with near whiteout conditions at times into the afternoon. Look for the snow showers to continue at a reduced intensity tonight... with an additional 1 to 3 inches of snow possible. If you must drive in the warned area... be prepared for hazardous travel conditions and rapidly changing visibility. Carry a winter survival kit in your car in case you get stranded.

4. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles

5. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles National Ambient Air Quality Standards ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8-hour Average 9 ppm (10 mg/m3)Primary 1-hour Average 35 ppm (40 mg/m3)Primary Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.053 ppm (100 µg/m3) Primary & Secondary Ozone (O 3 ) 1-hour Average 0.12 ppm (235 µg/m3)Primary & Secondary Lead (Pb) Quarterly Average 1.5 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less Annual Arithmetic Mean 50 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary 24-hour Average 150 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less Annual Arithmetic Mean **15 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary 24-hour Average ** 65 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Annual Arithmetic Mean0.03 ppm(80 µg/m3)Primary 24-hour Average 0.14 ppm (365 µg/m3)Primary 3-hour Average 0.50 ppm (1300 µg/m3)Secondary

6. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Los Angeles: 1943 Photo courtesy of Los Angeles Times Collection, Department of Special Collections, UCLA Library

7. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles 120 ppb Los Angeles, CA

8. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ozone.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ozone.html

9. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/carbon.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/airtrends/carbon.html

10. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/lead.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/airtrends/lead.html

11. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/sulfur.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/airtrends/sulfur.html

12. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.html

13. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles

14. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Primary Pollutants

15. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles

16. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles SO 2 -> Sulfate SO 2 O3O3 O3O3 OH H2O2H2O2 H2O2H2O2

17. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Haze

18. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.html

19. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

20. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

21. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

22. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

23. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

24. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

25. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

26. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htmhttp://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/GraphicViewer/seasonal.htm

27. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Primary Pollutants

28. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Primary Pollutants

29. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Visibility Degradation

30. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Haze in National Parks

31. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Primary Pollutants

32. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Primary Pollutants

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34. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles china

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36. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles

37. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles china

38. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.html

39. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles

40. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Primary Pollutants

41. ©2003 P. Samson, University of Michigan PBL Plumes Pollutants Particles Primary Pollutants