1. What are the two general major categories/sources of air pollution?
Hint: Read page 526

2. And The Answers Are……… Natural Sources Anthropogenic Volcanic Ash
Sandstorm Dust
Pollen
Anthropogenic
Particulates
Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur
Greenhouse Gases
VOC

3. Air Pollution
Outdoor Air Pollution

4. Stationary and Mobile Sources of Air Pollution
Two Sources of Air Pollution
1. Stationary Sources: have a relatively fixed location
Point Sources:
Fugitive Sources:
Area Sources:
2. Mobile Sources: move from place to place while emitting pollutants
Ex) Airplanes

5. General Effects of Air Pollution
Visual quality of the environment
Vegetation, Animals, Soil
Water Quality
Natural and Artificial Structures
Human Heath

6. Human Health & Air Pollution

7. Primary and Secondary Pollutants, Natural and Human
Primary Pollutants
Those emitted directly into the air
Hydrocarbons, particulates, etc.
Secondary Pollutants
Produced through reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds
Ozone

8. Major Air Pollutants Sulfur Dioxide (acid rain)
Nitrogen Dioxide / Nitrogen Oxide
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants
Volatile Organic Compounds
Particulate Matter
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hazardous Gases
Lead

9. Outdoor Air Pollutants – Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Properties: colorless gas with irritating odor
Effects: produces acid rain (H2SO4), breathing difficulties, eutrophication due to sulfate formation, lichen and moss are indicators
Sources: burning high sulfur coal or oil, smelting or metals, paper manufacture
Class: sulfur oxides
EPA Standard: 0.3 ppm (annual mean)
Combines with water and NH4 to increase soil fertility

10. Outdoor Air Pollutants – Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Properties: reddish brown gas, formed as fuel burnt in car, strong oxidizing agent, forms Nitric acid in air
Effects: acid rain, lung and heart problems, decreased visibility (yellow haze), suppresses plant growth
Sources: fossil fuels combustion, power plants, forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil
Class: Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
EPA Standard: ppm

11. Outdoor Air Pollutants – Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Properties: colorless, odorless, heavier than air, % of atmosphere
Effects: binds tighter to Hb than O2
Sources: incomplete combustion of fossil fuels % from auto exhaust
Class: carbon oxides (CO2, CO)
EPA Standard: 9 ppm
5.5 billion tons enter atmosphere/year

12. Outdoor Air Pollutants – Ozone (O3)
Properties: colorless, unpleasant odor, major part of photochemical smog
Effects: lung irritant, damages plants, rubber, fabric, eyes, 0.1 ppm can lower PSN by 50%
Sources: Created by sunlight acting on NOx and VOC , cars, industry, gas vapors, chemical solvents, fuel combustion products
Class: photochemical oxidants

13. Outdoor Air Pollutants – Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10)
Properties: particles suspended in air (<10 um)
Effects: lung damage, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic
Sources: burning coal or diesel, volcanoes, factories, unpaved roads, plowing, lint, pollen, spores, burning fields
Class: SPM: dust, soot, asbestos, lead, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides
EPA Standard: 50 ug/m3 (annual mean)

14. Size of Selected Particulates

15. Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) for several large countries

16. Outdoor Air Pollutants – VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
Properties: organic compounds that evaporate easily, usually aromatic
Effects: eye and respiratory irritants; carcinogenic; decreased visibility due to brown haze; liver, CNS, or kidney damage; damages plants
Sources: evaporation of solvents or fuels, fossil fuels, plants (largest source), aerosols, paint thinners, dry cleaning
Class: HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants)
Concentrations indoors up to 1000x outdoors
600 million tons of CFCs

17. Outdoor Air Pollutants – Lead (Pb)
Properties: grayish metal
Effects: accumulates in tissue; affects kidneys, liver and nervous system (children most susceptible); mental retardation; possible carcinogen; 20% of inner city kids have [high]
Sources: particulates, smelters, batteries
Class: toxic or heavy metals
EPA Standard: 1.5 ug/m3
2 million tons enter atmosphere/year

18. US Emissions of Six Major Air Pollutants
Note that there have been significant reductions.

19. Urban Air Pollution Potential for Air Pollution Determined by:
Rate of emission
Downwind distance
Average wind speed
Elevation
Atmospheric Inversion:
Occurs when warmer air is found above cooler air and it poses a particular problem when there is a stagnant air mass

20. Factors that influence Air Pollution formation and intensity
Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, humidity)
Topography (hills and mountains)
Population density
Amount of industry
Fuels used by population and industry for heating, manufacturing, transportation, power
Weather: rain, snow,wind
Buildings (slow wind speed)
Mass transit used
Economics

21. Questions 1. How would you define smog. 2
Questions 1. How would you define smog? 2. What are the two types of smog and how do they form?
Hint: Read pages

22. Smog
Smog
A mixture between smoke and fog that produces unhealthy urban air
Two Types
Sulfurous Smog / Industrial Smog / Fossil Fuels
Photochemical Smog / Sunlight & Pollutants

23. Formation of Industrial Smog

24. Formation of Industrial Smog
Procedure
Chemical Reaction
1. Carbon in coal or oil
burned
C + O2 -> CO2
2C + O2 -> CO
2. Unburned carbon -> soot C
3. Sulfur in oil and coal
reacts with O2
S + O2 -> SO2

25. Formation of Industrial Smog
Procedure
Chemical Reaction
4. Sulfur dioxide reacts with O2
to form sulfur trioxide
2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3
5. Sulfur trioxide reacts with
H2O
SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4
6. Sulfuric acid reacts with
atmospheric ammonia to
form brown, solid
ammonium sulfate
H2SO4 + 2NH3 ->
(NH4)2SO4

26. Formation of Photochemical Smog

27. Formation of Photochemical Smog
Time
Description
6 - 9 A.M.
Morning commute increases NOx and VOCs
N2 + O2 -> 2 NO
NO + VOC -> NO2
NO2 -UV-> NO + O
A.M
As traffic decreases NOx and VOCs react
2NO + O2 -> 2NO2

28. As sunlight becomes intense, NO2 breaks down and Ozone increases
Time
Description
11 A.M. – 4 P.M.
As sunlight becomes intense, NO2 breaks down and Ozone increases
NO2 -UV-> NO + O O2 + O -> O3
Nitrogen dioxide also forms nitric acid
3NO2 + H2O -> 2 H2NO3 + NO
Nitrogen dioxide also reacts with VOCs released by autos, industry, etc.
NO2 + VOCs -> 2 PANs
Peroyacyl nitrates (toxic)
4 P.M. - sunset
As sun goes down the production of ozone halts
Net Result: NO + VOC + O2 + UV -> O3 + PAN

30. Pollution Control Particulates Automobiles Sulfur Dioxide
Coal Gasification: converts coal to gas to remove sulfur
Scrubbing: gas desulfurization

31. Air Pollution: Legislation and Standards
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Comprehensive regulations enacted by U.S congress that address acid rain, toxic emissions, ozone depletion and automobile exhaust
Air Quality Standards
Attempt to control air pollution
Tougher Standards for PM 2.5 and Ozone
Air Quality Index

32. Specific Air Pollution Treatment Technology
Traditional
Move factory to remote location
Build taller smokestack so wind blows pollution elsewhere
New
Biofiltration : vapors pumped through soil where microbes degrade
High-energy destruction: high-voltage electricity
Membrane separation: diffusion of organic vapors through membrane
Oxidation: High temperature combustor

33. Specific Air Pollution Treatment Technology Continued…
New continued…
Vapor phase carbon absorption: gases pumped through series of carbon filled canisters which absorb contaminants
Electrostatic precipitators: Electrostatically charged surfaces attracts particles
Sulfur removal: mix crushed limestone with fuel
Nitrogen oxide control: staged burners or catalytic converters
Hydrocarbon control: closed system to prevent release before treatment with afterburners
Hybrid, electric and hydrogen powered vehicles

34. Air Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution

35. Pathways, Processes and Driving Forces
Chimney Effect (Stack Effect)
Process whereby warmer air rises in buildings to upper levels and is replaced in the lower portion of the building by outdoor air drawn through a variety of openings, such as windows doors or cracks in the foundation or walls

36. Sick Building Syndrome
A condition associated with an indoor environment that appears to be unhealthy
The symptoms people report cannot be traced to any one particular cause

37. Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Secondhand smoke
2 sources
Smoke exhaled by smokers
Smoke emitted from burning tobacco
The most hazardous indoor pollutant

38. Questions Read a closer look 25. 1 (p 562-3) 1
Questions Read a closer look 25.1 (p 562-3) 1. Please explain why radon is a problem? 2. Is radon a large hazard? If so why? If not, why?
Hint: Read pages

39. Radon Gas Radon Health hazard when leaked into homes
Naturally occurring radioactive gas
Colorless, odorless, tasteless
Only identified through proper testing
Health hazard when leaked into homes
Exposure is associated with lung cancer

40. How Radon Enters Houses
Please read page 574 and explain how radon enters houses.

41. Major Indoor Pollutants
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane
Aerosol sprays
Dizziness, breathing irregularities
Asbestos
Pipe insulation, ceilings, floor tiles, oven mitts
Lung Cancer and asbestosis
Benzo-a- pyrene
Tobacco smoke, woodstoves
Lung Cancer
Carbon Monoxide
Faulty furnaces, cigarette smoke
Headache, heartbeat irregularities, death, CO has 250x affinity for Hb than O2

42. Major Indoor Pollutants Continued…
Chloroform
Pulp and paper mills, water and wastewater plants
Cancer
Formaldehyde
Paneling, particle board, furniture, carpeting, adhesives
Nausea, dizziness, irritation of throat, eyes, and lungs
Methylene chloride
Paint strippers and thinner – persistent
Nerve disorders, diabetes
Nitrogen oxides
Furnaces, stoves, fireplaces and vents
Headaches, irritated lungs
Para-dichlorobenzene
Air fresheners, mothballs

43. Major Indoor Pollutants Continued…
Radon – 22
Soil and rock near house foundation, concrete
Lung cancer
Styrene
Carpets, plastics,
Kidney and liver damage
Tetrachlor-
ethylene
Dry-cleaning fluid
Nerve disorders, damage to liver and kidneys, cancer
Tobacco Smoke
Cigarettes and other smoking sources
Lung cancer and heart disease
Organic Material
Dust mites, fungal and algal spores, dust (human skin), animal dander, hair, carpet fibers, fur
Allergies, coughs, sneezing, eye irritation, sore throats, difficulty breathing