1. 1 Stylistics Unit Two Three Views on Style

2. Three Views on Style  Style as deviance  style as choice  style as foregrounding

3. Style as deviation  Breaking the rules of everyday language  a grief ago  一袋烟的工夫，一顿饭的工夫

5. appreciation A leaf falls loneliness

6. appreciation

7. Find out the figures of speech used  The glories of our blood and state,  Are shadows, not substantial things;  There is no armour against fate;  Death lays his icy hand on kings;  Sceptre and Crown  Must tumble down  And in the dust be equal made  With the poor crooked Scythe and Spade. metaphor personification transferred epithet metonymy synecdoche metonymy

8. style as choice  Hemingway elects to write about men of action — bull fighters, deep-sea fishermen, soldiers, big-game hunters — is as much a stylistic fact as his habit of writing in short, simple sentences, preferring the ‘ dramatic ’ to the ‘ interior monologue ’ point of view in narration, etc.”

9. style as choice  In writing The Eve of St. Agnes, Keats first produced the line As though a rose should close and a bud again  After re-reading the line, he substituted the word shut for close As though a rose should shut and a bud again

10. Style as Foregrounding  Consider the following parallel structure for example:  When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,  And when he cried, the little children died in the streets.  (W.H. Auden, Epitaph on a Tyrant)

11. Style as Foregrounding  The view of style as foregrounding is explained in Short ’ s article “ Who is stylistics ” :  When a writer writes he is constantly involved in making linguistic choices — choices between one word and another, one structure and another, and so on.

12. Style as Foregrounding EExamination of the choices that he makes (as opposed to the ones that he rejects) can help us to understand more fully the meaning he is trying to create and the effects he is striving to achieve.

13. Style as Foregrounding  He can make choices both inside and outside the language system, choices outside the language system are deviant and thus produce foregrounding.  Overregularity of a particular choice within the system (e.g. parallelism) also produces foregrounding.

14. Style as Foregrounding  The Christian believes that he must have come from above.  The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.

15. The Nature of Stylistic Analysis  Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text; that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message.  This involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse.

16.  Widdowson says: “ All literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general. ”  We may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly comparative in nature. The Nature of Stylistic Analysis

17. Exercises  what are “ the three views ” on style?  Give the examples of three views on style.  What is the nature of stylistic analysis?

18. 课程讲授内容 Unit 1 Introduction Unit 2Deep-structure Deviation Unit 3Surface-structure Deviation Unit 4Syntactic Overregularity Unit 5Phonological Overregularity Unit 6Cohesion in Literary Discourse Unit 7 Stylistic characteristics of modernist texts