1. Classification Chapter 17 – The 6 Kingdoms

2. BACTERIA are divided into 2 Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria (previously classified together as kingdom Monera)

3. 3 main shapes
spiral rod round

4. Bacteria…. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
many are saprophytic (feed on dead organic matter)
many are parasitic (feed on living organic matter)
first forms of life
prokaryotic cells
unicellular
Nostoc (cyanobacterium)

5. Archaebacteria + Eubacteria have various methods of energy acquisition (or modes of nutrition)
Some are capable of ….chemosynthesis
Some are capable of ….photosynthesis
Others are heterotrophic

6. Archaebacteria + Eubacteria
ONLY KINGDOMS lacking an organized nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

7. Bacteria – Roles in the Environment
some cause disease – INCLUDING strep throat, tooth decay, gum disease, flesh eating strep bacteria and many more…
photosynthesis and oxygen production
cyanobacteria (“blue-green bacteria”) contribute to the formation of atmospheric oxygen by photosynthesis
cause spoilage of food
food source (used to flavor foods such as…
yogurt, vinegar, cheese, buttermilk, sour cream
Lyme disease – carried by mammals and birds, transmitted by ticks to humans
Many heterotrophic bacteria also cause diseases such as strep throat, rheumatic fever, cholera, gonorrhea, syphilis, and toxic shock syndrome. Bacteria can cause disease by destroying cells, releasing toxins, contaminating food, or by the reaction of the body to the infecting bacteria. Bacterial infections can be controlled by vaccinations and antibiotic treatments. Antibiotics interfere with some aspect of the replication of bacteria, and are produced by microorganisms such as fungi, that compete with bacteria for resources. Penicillin, the first antibiotic discovered, inhibits the synthesis of new cell walls in certain types of bacteria. However, the overuse of antibiotics during the past fifty years has led to natural selection favoring antibiotic resistance. There are reportedly more than 50 strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria, necessitating the development of new antibiotics and the frequent change of antibiotics in treatment.

8. Bacteria – Roles in the Environment
important in nutrient transfer
convert atmospheric (gaseous)N into forms useable by plants and animals
some oil deposits are attributed to cyanobacteria
there are also oil eating bacteria
decomposition
saprophytic (decompose dead tissue)
symbiotic (live within a host organism)
decomposing bacteria are often used in
sewage treatment plants

9. Bacteria – Roles in the Environment
used in biotechnology applications
we can take human genes and insert
them into bacteria – turning them into
“factories” that then produce….
HUMAN INSULIN
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

10. Kingdom Archaebacteria (“old bacteria”)
cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
have unusual lipids in cell membrane
oldest and most primitive organisms
life’s extremists - occupy harsh environments
known collectively as extremophiles

11. Archaebacteria - 3 groups
Methano-gens
produce methane gas
found in soil, swamps, digestive tracts of animals
Extreme Halo-philes
high salt environments
found in salt lakes….Dead Sea
Thermo-acido-philes
live in hot, acidic environments
found in volcanic vents + hydrothermal vents

12. Kingdom Eubacteria (“true bacteria”)
cell wall contains peptidoglycan
includes most of the bacteria that affects our daily life including….
tetanus, strep throat, tooth decay,
E. coli, salmonella, botulism,
lyme disease, syphilis, and many more….

13. Kingdom Protista

14. Kingdom Protista “junk drawer” or “catch-all” kingdom
Method of energy acquisition - heterotrophic and autotrophic
Eukaryotic cells
Found in freshwater, saltwater, soil, also live in other organisms
because of great diversity, classification is difficult
Euglena, diatoms, paramecium

15. 3 groups of protista “animal-like” protists (called protozoans),
include paramecium, amoeba
“plant-like” protists (called algae)
includes euglena, diatoms, dinoflagellates
“fungus-like” protists
includes slime molds and water molds

16. PARAMECIUM
EUGLENA
AMOEBA

17. Protista – Roles in the Environment
photosynthesis and oxygen production
food source (algae)
animal feed, fertilizers
algae sheets used in some Japanese dishes
additive to puddings, ice cream, salad dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate)
some cause disease
avian malaria, human malaria,
amoebic dysentery

18. Protista and Red Tides
Occurs when there is a population explosion of dinoflagellates
neurotoxin is released
shellfish eat dinoflagellates and concentrate toxin
humans can be killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin

19. Kingdom Fungi mushrooms, blights, rusts, molds, puffballs, morels, yeasts, truffles, toadstools, shelf fungi,….

20. Fungi eukaryotic cells hyphae = threadlike filaments
that make up the body of a fungus
mycelium= mass of hyphae
no roots, stems or leaves
no chlorophyll
reproduce by spores
cell walls contain chitin
both multicellular and
unicellular species

21. Fungi UNIQUE IN THAT THEY ARE absorptive heterotrophs
method of energy acquisition…
saprophytic or parasitic

22. Roles of Fungi in the Environment
food source
mushrooms, truffles, morels, cheeses, bread, beer and wine
production of some antibiotics
some are parasites of plants
cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious disease
Dutch Elm Disease
Chestnut Blight
benefit wildlife
food source, nest sites, hiding places and cover
symbiosis - mutualism
lichens (fungus + alga)
mycorrhizae (fungus and plant roots)

23. Kingdom Plantae

24. Plants 2 major groups of plants…. nonvascular (bryophytes) and
eukaryotic
multicellular
photoautotrophs
cell wall containing cellulose
2 major groups of plants….
nonvascular (bryophytes)
and
vascular (tracheophytes)
Fungi, lichens

25. Nonvascular Plants
also called BRYOphytes (-phyta, -phyto, -phyte = plant like)
small – usually under 5” tall
NO VASCULAR TISSUES - lack conducting cells for water and food
likely were the earliest land plants
liverworts, hornworts and mosses
Fungi, lichens

26. Vascular Plants
also called TRACHEOphytes (-phyta, -phyto, -phyte = plant like)
have specialized cells for transporting materials
XYLEM (for transporting water and mineral nutrients)
PHLOEM (for transporting sugars)
pines, cacti, grasses, trees, flowers, …..

27. Vascular Plants Seedless Plants Seed Producing Plants club mosses
ferns
horsetails
reproduce with spores
most plants
reproduce with seeds

28. Seed Producing Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms…
Angiosperms….
“naked seed”
Plants whose seeds are not enclosed in a fruit
Often have cones
Cycads
Juniper
Fir, pine, hemlock,…
“enclosed seed”
Plants whose seeds are enclosed in a fruit
Also known as “flowering plants”
Grasses
Daffodil
roses

29. Roles of Plants in the Environment
food source
generate oxygen
provide habitat for humans and wildlife
American chestnut, late 1800s

30. invertebrates and vertebrates
Kingdom Animalia
multicellular
heterotrophic
Eukaryotic cells
no cell wall
2 main groups
invertebrates and vertebrates

31. Invertebrates (animals without a backbone)
sponges, jellyfish, corals, insects, worms, rotifers, comb jellies,…

32. Vertebrates animals with a backbone (of bone or cartilage)
5 groups of vertebrates - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

33. Roles of Animals in the Environment
food source
most serve as predators in some capacity – and limit populations of other organisms
scavengers
“shape” habitats for other wildlife