1. Layers and Valley Networks By Nyan Cat: T. J. Kano Aery Kim Eunice Kim Mitsie Kim Hawon Koo Chandelle Pascual Valley Network Layers

2. Research Question Aery, Hawon, Chandelle, TJ How are layers and valley networks related? Why is your science question important? Why is your science question important? We think it is important because they both relate to certain things (possibly) and how it relates to Mars today. Why is your science question interesting? Why is your science question interesting? It is interesting because it combines our group’s two main ideas that we wanted to do.

3. Background Information Layers Valley Networks

4. Background Information Layers Layers are formed by dust particles and water sediments piling on top of each other pressing down on each other because of its own weight. Over time, the layers got thicker and thicker. A Picture of a layer Aery, Eunice, Mitsie, T.J., Chandelle, Hawon

5. Backround Information Valley Networks Valley networks maybe formed by recurrent floods during a long period when the Martian climate may have been much like that of some arid or semiarid regions on Earth. Valley networks maybe formed by recurrent floods during a long period when the Martian climate may have been much like that of some arid or semiarid regions on Earth. Valley Networks

6. Background Information Other Information It is thought that valley networks were run by ground flows instead of rain, like the ones on Earth is. It is thought that valley networks were run by ground flows instead of rain, like the ones on Earth is. Layers are found usually near polar ice caps and is not commonly known (as a topic). Layers are found usually near polar ice caps and is not commonly known (as a topic). Hawon, Chanelle

7. Hypothesis Mitsie, Aery, T.J., Eunice, an Chandelle’s hypothesis: Mitsie, Aery, T.J., Eunice, an Chandelle’s hypothesis: If there are many samples of layers, then by looking at pictures of layers to see if there are valley networks, it will show that the layers were made by the valley networks because the water would flow from the valley networks and create layers.

9. Methods Spacecraft NASA’s Mars Odyssey Camera THEMIS Camera Image Type Visible Images-to see details within the crater MOLA-to see context of image and depth Geologic Features Studied How are layers and valley networks related? This relates because we have to look at the geologic features on layers and valley networks This relates because we have to look at the geologic features on layers and valley networks Geographic regions we focused on All parts of Mars with layers Themis Camera

10. Methods continued Sample Size 61 THEMIS Images used to gather data Categories of Data to be collected and “Why” Image ID#- To see if it was a duplicate images Latitude/Longitude- To know where to graph it and know where it is located Misc. data- To record other interesting information not warranted by necessary data categories but certainly important to our study Features- To see if valley networks are nearby Measurements Picture Diameter- Rough estimation relative to image parameters based on THEMIS Camera’s Visible Image range of 18km x 30km

11. Methods Continued Website List: Website List: 1. http://themis.asu.edu website; http://themis.asu.edu 2. Search “layers” 3. Click on pictures of “layers” 4. Log Latitude,Longitude 5. Log any other features 6. Log image #

12. Data

13. Data Image#LatitudeLongitudeFeatures V39664002-8.1282.54 Wind streaks &preserved craters V36744001-8.63282.23 Craters &sand dunes &mountains &chaotic terrain N/A-24.85235.23Chaotic terrain &modified craters V05833001-9.8285.44Crater

14. N/A-86101.9Chaotic terrain N/A15.8 S210.2Craters, Channels and streamlines N/A-23.3170.48Channels &craters N/A-4.04333.41Chaotic terrain N/A1.1289.9Chaotic terrain

15. V40273006-84.55315.9Chaotic Terrain V39856008-85.3198.27 Chaotic Terrain V39861009-83.36327.37 Destroyed Craters Hebes Chasma Canyons &Landslide V3754101284.85344.76Dust devil Tracks

16. V079890292.211.62Craters V079690233.62218.65 Craters, Chaotic Terrain &Dust devil tracks V01126002-7.14310.36Dust devil Tracks 1010360062.25358.44Craters V34390005-82.4688.02Destroyed Craters

17. V33290007-85.85102.81Dust devil Tracks V06780004-82.34306Destroyed Craters &Mountains V042110038043.1Modified Craters V2907900581.242.3Windstreaks &Destroyed craters N/A-8097Modified Craters

18. V1359000485.5125Thin Coating of dust V06607005-80.1260.3N/A V01826001-0.69283Modified Craters V32025003-85316N/A V01726001-5.6286Sand Dunes

19. V31601007-84.4314Wind streaks V23116009-82.4318.4Destroyed Craters V1929200585155.2Wind streaks N/A-27.174.2Preserved &Modified Craters V06295001-1.11283Modified Craters &Sand Dunes

20. V04797001-5.2282.7Wind streaks &Modified Craters V0465000379346Preserved Craters &Wind streaks V01434004-85.515.4Polar Ice Caps V1188000283.53118.15Sand Dunes V33269001-73.74132.99Clouds

21. V31720009-86.5899.06Ice Caps V40448004-86.07290.42Landslide V1163400186.9765.52ONLY LAYERS V1161900184.46206.58Small Dunes &basaltic Sands V34390005-82.4588.02Destroyed Craters

22. 1010360062.24358.44N/A V23016006-84.5313.35N/A V0478300384.61340.88Sand Dunes V26213001-3.58287.51Landslide V05059002-6.54287.25N/A

23. V02550002-8.64281.79Sand Dunes V10963002-5.17283.97Landslide N/A-81.1101.9Sand Dunes V40282012-86.720.21Chaotic Terrain V39707016-86.8343.86N/A

24. V32269001-73.75132.99N/A V1208100480.6170.18N/A -8097Craters &Chaotic Terrain V16640004-80.72295.58Mountains V16618004-20.02232.57Preserved Craters

25. V07867001-14.06306.71Landslide &Craters V2864101150.3160.06Craters &Canyons

28. Discussion

29. Discussion This data chart is a bar graph which tells us the amount of each sixteen geological features near layers. About half of the sixteen features are below three and the rest are above- craters being the highest with the amount of about thirty. There were five features that showed up only once.

30. Discussion This graph is a scatter plot, showing us the 60 locations of layers. This graph shows the latitude and longitude of layers we have found. We’ve figured out that most layers are on the edges of the MOLA Map and the latitudes are usually ranging from negatives to positive 80’s. The longitude is mostly positive going up to more than 300 and there are no negatives at all.

31. Bibliography Baldwin, Emily. "080911 Episodic Not Catastrophic Flooding on Mars." Astronomy Now Online. 11 Sept. 2008. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.. Baldwin, Emily. "080911 Episodic Not Catastrophic Flooding on Mars." Astronomy Now Online. 11 Sept. 2008. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.. "Layers of Mars." NASA Science. 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2011.. "Layers of Mars." NASA Science. 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2011.. Dickinson, David. "May 2009 News and Notes." Astro Guyz. Genesis Frame, Education Theme, 1 May 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2011.. Dickinson, David. "May 2009 News and Notes." Astro Guyz. Genesis Frame, Education Theme, 1 May 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2011.. Layers-Period 2 (typo): Layers-Period 2 (typo): "Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-262 Release." Space Cameras, Operations, and Science - Malin Space Science Systems. Malin Space Science System, NASA, 4 Dec. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/dec00_seds/holden/index.html. "Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-262 Release." Space Cameras, Operations, and Science - Malin Space Science Systems. Malin Space Science System, NASA, 4 Dec. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/dec00_seds/holden/index.html. Valley Networks: Valley Networks: "An Odyssey Of Mars Science: Part 3." Space News From SpaceDaily.Com. 18 Dec. 2003. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/lunarplanet-2003-03a3.html. "An Odyssey Of Mars Science: Part 3." Space News From SpaceDaily.Com. 18 Dec. 2003. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/lunarplanet-2003-03a3.html. VN: VN: "MARSIS." CO.RI.S.T.A. Ed. Stefania Mattei. Consorzio Di Ricerca Su Sistemi Di Telesensori Avanzati. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.corista.unina.it/marsise.html. "MARSIS." CO.RI.S.T.A. Ed. Stefania Mattei. Consorzio Di Ricerca Su Sistemi Di Telesensori Avanzati. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.corista.unina.it/marsise.html.http://www.corista.unina.it/marsise.html mars_layers...: mars_layers...: Riding with Robots: Archive. NASA, 23 June 2006. Web. 1 Dec. 2011.. "Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-262 Release." Space Cameras, Operations, and Science - Malin Space Science Systems. Malin Space Science System, NASA, 4 Dec. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/dec00_seds/holden/index.html. "Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-262 Release." Space Cameras, Operations, and Science - Malin Space Science Systems. Malin Space Science System, NASA, 4 Dec. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/dec00_seds/holden/index.html.http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/dec00_seds/holden/index.html