1. The History of Healthcare

2.  Tn Standard 1.5 Evaluate the History of Healthcare in respect to time, culture, religion, and regions.  Learning expectations: The Student will evaluate evaluate the history of health care in respect to time, culture, religion, and regions  Performance indicators: Evidence standard is met. The student is able to develop a research paper of time period assigned. Including key important information and illustration on time period, culture, religion, and region assigned and present to class.  Integration/linkages: Sociology, History, English, and Standards of National Health Occupations Students of America.

3.  In Ancient times the belief that disease and illness were caused by evil spirits and demons. Treatment was directed toward eliminating the demons and evil spirits.  As knowledge evolved through the centuries,and disease producing organisms were discovered the treatment was directed toward eliminating the organisms.  The most rapid advances in health care was in the 20 th century.  The potential for even greater advances exists for the 21 st century.

4.  Believed that illness and disease was caused by supernatural spirits and demons.  Tribal doctors performed ceremonies to drive out evil spirits.  Herbs and plants were used as medicine. Morphine for pain and Digitalis for the heart are still being used today.  Trephining- boring a hole or holes in the skull was used to treat insanity, epilepsy, and headaches. Oldest form of surgery known.  Average life span 20 years

5. 18th century French illustration of trepanation Trepanated skull, Iron age. The perimeter of the hole in the skull is rounded off by in growth of new bony tissue, indicating that the patient survived the operationIron age Images from wikipedia.com

6.  Earliest known to maintain accurate health records  Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery at temple medical schools.  Imhotep 2725? BC may have been the first physian  Believed body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces.  If channels were blocked, leaches were used to open them.  Magic and plants were used to treat illness.  Average life span was 20-30 years.

7.  Religious prohibitions against dissection.  Monitored pulse to determine body condition.  Believed the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourish the body.  Pharmacopoeia of medications (herbs).  Acupuncture(needles) to treat pain/ congestion  Searched for medical reasons for illness.  Average Life span was 20-30 years.

8. foothappy.co.uk/images/ACUPUNCTURE.jpg www.wedgwoodacupuncture.com/images/Acupunctur

9.  Observed human body and effects and disease  Hippocrates(460-377 BC) Father of Medicine: * Developed an organized method to observe the human body. * Recorded signs and symptoms * Hippocratic Oath- Used by physicians today  Aristotle dissected- Founder of anatomy  Therapies- massage, art therapy & herbs  Diet and cleanliness – prevent disease  Average life span 25-30 years

10.  I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow. I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug. I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery. I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God. I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick. I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure. I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm. If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help. Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.

11.  Organized medical care to soldiers.  Hospitals housed in monasteries and convents  Public health and sanitation systems: *clean water to cities and sewer to rid of waste *drained marshes to reduce malaria.  Claudius Galen- imbalance in humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) caused disease.  Diet, exercise, and medicine treat disease  Average life span 25-35 years

12.  Emphasis on saving the soul  Medicine was prohibited  Prayer and divine intervention to treat illness and disease.  Monks and priests provided care for the sick  Medications = Herbal mixtures  Average life span was 20-30 years

13.  Bubonic plague (black death)-3/4 of the population in Europe and Asia  Diseases- smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria  Rhazes- blood was the cause of infectious disease. animal gut for suture material  Arabs- required physician to have licenses  Average life span 20-35 years

14.  Rebirth of the science of medicine  Dissection of the body reintroduced.  Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci used dissection to draw the human body.  First book of Anatomy  Michael Servetus- described circulatory system in lungs digestion source of heat  Average life span was 30-40 years.

15.  Cause of disease not known- childbirth fever & infection  William Harvey described circulation (lungs & heart)  Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in 1666.  Apothecaries (early pharmacists) sold medicine  Average Life span 35-45 years

17.  Gabriel Fahrenheit- created the mercury thermometer in 1714.  Joseph Priestley discovered the element Oxygen in 1774.  Benjamin Franklin discovered bifocals for glasses.  Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796.  Average life span was 40 to 50 years old

19.  James Blundell performed the first successful blood transfusion.  Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope 1819  Elizabeth Blackwell 1 st female physician 1849  Florence Nightingale - founder of modern nursing -established sanitary nursing units during the Crimean was 1854 - started formal education for nurses in London 1860  Joseph Lister – used disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865.

21.  Clara Barton – Founded the American Red Cross in 1881.  Louis Pasteur- proved microorganisms caused disease - Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria - Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885.  Robert Koch- Father of Microbiology (isolated tuberculosis)  Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays 1895  Bacteria causing gonorrhea & leprosy discovered  Average life span was 40-60 years.

22.  Walter Reed- Mosquitoes carry yellow fever 1900  Carl Landsteiner- Classified the ABO blood groups 1901  Sigmund Freud- psychology and psychiatry  Health insurance 1920’s  Sir Alexander Fleming- discovered penicillin  1 st Kidney dialysis 1944  Jonas Salk- developed polio vaccine 1952

23.  1 st Heart & lung machine 1953 for open heart surgery  Joseph Murray 1954- first kidney transplant  Birth control pills approved by FDA 1960  Soldiers’ severed arm reattached 1962  1 st liver transplant 1963 by Thomas Starzl  1 st lung transplant 1964 by James Hardy  Medicare/Medicaid 1965

24.  1 st successful heart transplant 1968 by Christian Barnard  First Hospice started in England 1967  CAT (computerized axial tomography) developed 1975  1 st test tube baby Louise Brown was born in England in 1978  Genetic engineering led to development of vaccines against hepatitis, herpes simplex, and chicken pox 1980’s

25.  AIDS was identified in 1981  Dr. William DeVries implanted the 1 st artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, in 1982  HIV causing AIDS was identified 1984  Sheep was cloned 1997  Average Life Span 60-70 years

28.  Cures for cancer, AIDS, and heart disease  Manipulation of genes to prevent inherited diseases  Development of methods to slow the aging process  Nerves in brain & spinal cord are regenerated to eliminate paralysis  Transplants of every organ possible  Antibiotics developed to not allow pathogens to develop resistance  Average life span increased 90-100 years and beyond.

29.  The first vaccine to target a cause of cancer was developed in 2006.  Prevents cervical cancer  Gardasil

30. The End !!!!!!!!!

31.  When did most of the significant changes in health care occur?  Why were the greatest advances made in this time period?  What are some possibilities for the future of health care?

32.  When did most of the significant changes in health care occur?  Why were the greatest advances made in this time period?  What are some possibilities for the future of health care?