1. Medical Timeline

2. Introduction
Brainstorm home remedies. Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these remedies. Explain that the practice of medicine has evolved over the years, often by trial and error.
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3. 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times
Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
Trepanation or trephining to create a hole in the skull
Average life span 20 years
Digitalis has long been used as a treatment for heart failure in addition to a range of other traditional uses. The plant is cultivated as an ornamental.
Evidence of trepanation has been found in prehistoric human remains from Neolithic times onward. Cave paintings indicate that people believed the practice would cure epileptic seizures,migraines, and mental disorders.[3] The bone that was trepanned was kept by the prehistoric people and may have been worn as a charm to keep evil spirits away. Evidence also suggests that trepanation was primitive emergency surgery after head wounds[4] to remove shattered bits of bone from a fractured skull and clean out the blood that often pools under the skull after a blow to the head. Such injuries were typical for primitive weaponry such as slings and war clubs.[5]

4. If you had a stomach ache and chills during primitive times, would you tell someone? Why or why not? What do you think were the complications of trepanation?

5. 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests
Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
Average life span 20 years
3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
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6. What do you know about mummification
What do you know about mummification? What can you learn about Egyptians from that? What do you think Egyptians used leeches, and what do you suspect was the result?

7. Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
Used therapies such as acupuncture
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
Average life span was years
1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese

8. First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
Average life span years
1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks

9. Why do some people say that the Greeks are the founders of modern medicine?

10. Established first hospital (caring for solders in their homes)
First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Average life span years
753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans

11. In history class you learned that the Romans were known for building roads ad impressive buildings, and for fighting wars? How do those facts relate to the Romans’ contributions to medicine?

12. AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages Began after the fall of the Roman Empire
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
Monks and priests treated patients with prayer
Many in the Church believed illness was a punishment from God.
Average life span years
AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages

13. Why did they call it the Dark Ages?

14. Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Average life span years
AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages

15. What was the other name for the Bubonic Plague? What caused it?

16. AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance
Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
Average life span years
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) and Michelangelo (1475– 1564), who are known to have undertaken detailed anatomical dissections at various points in their long careers, set a new standard in their portrayals of the human figure
Below: Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), Michelangelo, and da Vinci

17. What led to a better understanding of anatomy and physiology during the historical period and why was that important?

18. Click to see what smallpox looks like
Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections
Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease- causing organisms.
Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies
First vaccination developed – smallpox
Average life span years
16th and 17th Centuries
Click to see what smallpox looks like

19. 18th Century
Gabriel Fahrenheit ( ) created the first mercury thermometer
John Hunter ( ), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
Average life span years

20. What invention led to doctors being able to see disease-causing organisms for the first time?

21. 19th Century Formal training for nurses began
Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
Viruses discovered in 1892
Women became active participants in health care
Average life span years

22. What is infection control, and have you practices any infection control today?

23. 20th and 21st Century
What do you think?

24. How has technology influenced health care in the 21st century
How has technology influenced health care in the 21st century? What types of ethical issues have these innovations led to? What do you feel is the greatest need for future discovery?