1. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 24 Poultry Breed Identification and Production Management

2. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Veterinary Terminology Cockerel –male chicken under a year of age Pullet –young chicken raised to lay eggs Layer –adult female hen that lays eggs Spent hens –former layer egg hens who no longer produce eggs

3. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Veterinary Terminology Broiler –young chick used for meat production between 6-8 weeks of age Fryers –tender and easy to cook meat from broilers Capon –castrated male chicken, over 6 lbs. and 6 months of age Flock –a group of similar poultry

4. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Biology Avian digestive tract Do not need to fly; many too large to fly Gizzard – muscular organ used to break down food particles Grit – ingested to break down hard substances Most producers debreak to prevent injury and make eating less difficult

5. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Biology Combs – flesh like projections on top of heads Wattle – flesh like projection under chin Males tend to have larger bodies and head features Eyes, skin, wattle, and comb useful in determining overall health of bird

6. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Poultry Species and Classes Poultry –Domesticated birds with feathers, 2 legs, 2 wings, and a beak –Primarily raised for Eggs Meat Feathers By-products

7. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chickens Most important and popular type of poultry Raised for eggs and meat 4 classes: –American –English –Asiatic –Mediterranean

8. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Turkeys High amounts of white meat 300 million raised each year Increase in size of production farms (100,000 birds per farm) Raised in confinement Marketed after 20 weeks of age

9. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ducks Raised for meat, eggs, and feathers 15 million raised yearly Grow faster and heavier than chickens Swim Commercially raised indoors in confinement

10. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Geese 1 million raised yearly Meat, eggs, feathers, and down Eat grass and weeds Very hardy and disease resistant

11. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Peafowl Raised for feathers and as pets Feathers can be up to 5 times the body length

12. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Swans Known for long, thin, graceful neck Raised for ornamental purposes

13. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Poultry Species Guinea fowl – meat, eggs, and hunting Pigeons – meat and competitive purposes Quail – meat and eggs Pheasant – meat and hunting purposes

14. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ratites Large birds that DON’T fly Used for meat, eggs, and feathers Raised in large groups Ostrich, Rhea, and Emu are most common Commonly seen in wildlife preserves or zoos

15. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Selection of Species or Breed Selection based on bird’s ability to produce eggs or meat as quickly as possible Other factors: how well bird eats and uses food, fast return on the investment, high profit compared to cost of feed, amount of space needed, and amount of labor involved

16. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nutrition Automated feeders and water systems Young chicks may need pans or trays Food kept in feed bins or stored in automatic bins Conveyer belt system weighs feed and distributes a set amount Water is monitored for consumption Water troughs cleaned daily

17. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Behavior Known for adaptable behavior Domestic fowl is shy; wary by nature Many species are gregarious and have a social status within flock Maintain contact with flock by sight and vocal communication Can become nervous if separated from flock May become territorial

18. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Training Training and handling should begin when fowl are young Wings should be observed and examined Feet and legs should be handled Check appearance of feathers Poultry will adjust easily to humans with regular handling

19. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Equipment and Housing Needs Houses designed for each production system Broiler housing must meet needs of chicks Day old chicks need 1/4 to 1/3 of a square foot of space

20. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Equipment and Housing Needs Space requirements increase with growth Growers commonly use portable fence to contain chicks and remove fence when full grown Floor coverings must be gentle, dust free, and cleaned daily Proper lighting is necessary for growth

21. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Equipment and Housing Needs Breeder housing must meet needs of reproductive adults Environmental conditions must be met –indoor –outdoor Controlled conditions must be met –temperature –humidity

22. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Restraint and Handling Should be restrained by holding wings against birds body Body should be restrained securely with one arm and head held around the neck with other hand Never hold tightly around diaphragm Young chicks can be held in hand

23. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Grooming Do not typically require Should be free of external parasites, dirt, and debris Feathers can be sprayed with water Fowl will preen and clean their wings and feathers Some owners will trim nails, clip wings, or dremel beaks

24. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Health Care and Maintenance Molting: –Process of shedding and renewing feathers –Hens stop laying eggs during this process (or reduce number of eggs) –Hen depletes calcium and rest allows restoring of needs –Usually in the fall, prior to winter –Occurs about 4 months until new growth of feathers

25. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Health Care and Maintenance Forced Molting: –Controversial topic –Decrease light during the length of day –Artificial lights set for longer darkness –Allow 8 hours light –After molting, allow 14-16 hours light

26. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Health Care and Maintenance Sanitation: –Disease outbreaks can kill an entire flock quickly –Good sanitation practice is required –Removal of feces, dead birds, and insects –Disinfect cages, boots, and equipment –Remove all litter and spray disinfectant between batches –Restrict access to people and vehicles

27. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Vaccinations Helps develop immunity to disease Several common diseases in poultry In vivo: vaccine injected into embryo through the egg during incubation 18 th day of incubation process Chicks hatch with immunity Reduces stress Ready for market 2 days sooner

28. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Vaccinations Egg injection system used at high rate of speed Special needle punctures egg shell Dosage of vaccine is delivered Machine operated 20,000-30,000 eggs injected per hour

29. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reproduction and Breeding Female mates with male for eggs to be fertilized Eggs are incubated to hatch Incubation period influenced by temperature and humidity: –Chickens: 21 days –Geese: 29-31 days –Turkeys: 27-28 days –Ducks: 28-35 days

30. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Common Diseases Poultry have 33 pathogenic diseases and there are 10 parasites of concern Viruses, bacteria, or infection Common nutritional diseases

31. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Common Diseases Costly to treat Many become less efficient and can’t produce or are not usable for human consumption Many die; loss of profit

32. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Marek’s Disease Known as “range paralysis” Caused by a herpes virus Signs: diarrhea, leg or wing paralysis, weight loss, and death No treatment available Prevention by vaccine Genetic resistance has been noted

33. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Newcastle Disease Caused by a virus Signs: gasping for breath, wheezing, twist necks around due to respiratory stress, possible paralysis, lay soft- shelled eggs, and may stop producing eggs No treatment available Prevention by vaccine

34. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Infectious Bronchitis Affects ONLY CHICKENS (no other poultry species) Caused by a virus, primarily in young birds Signs: wheezing, gasping for air, and nasal discharge

35. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Infectious Bronchitis Older hens stop laying eggs Prevention through sanitation and isolation methods Vaccine available

36. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fowl Cholera Affects all species Caused by BACTERIA Signs: fever, purple colored heads, yellow droppings, and sudden death Possible to treat with antibiotics called sulfonamides Prevention by vaccination

37. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Avian Pox Slow spreading disease Several strains that are species specific Caused by virus spread by mosquitoes Signs: wart-like growths on skin and mouth and respiratory distress No treatment Difficult to control through sanitation Prevention through vaccine

38. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Avian Influenza Commonly called bird flu Affects all species of avians Caused by virus, occurring naturally in the intestines Transmitted directly and through body excretes

39. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Avian Influenza Zoonotic to humans but no human to human transmission Fatal strain not seen in U.S. Isolation Human vaccine available Current research ongoing

40. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Common Parasites Internal and external parasites are common Isolated cages and specialized production systems reduce the amount of parasites in poultry Proper sanitation practices Control of insects and wild birds All species affected

41. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coccidiosis Internal protozoan parasite Transmitted by droppings of affected birds Seen commonly in wild birds

42. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coccidiosis Droppings can get in food and water sources Affect companion animals and people Signs: bloody droppings, lethargic appearance, (sleepy, little activity), and pale skin Treatments by mouth or placed in water or feed

43. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Large Round Worms Worms may reach 3 inches in length Occur in the intestinal tract Signs: emaciated appearance, diarrhea, and droopy wings Prevention through sanitation, dewormers, and rotating range and yards

44. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tapeworms Internal parasites Hosts include snails, earthworms, beetles, and flies Ingested by poultry Signs: pale head color, pale leg color, and poor body flesh appearance Dewormers Prevention is through dietary control and confinement

45. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mites External parasites include: Mites, Lice, Chiggers, and Ticks Signs: visible parasite, pale color, listless, and droopy wings Use approved insecticides to treat infestations Prevention and control by limiting access to wild birds

46. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Poultry Production Began over 5,000 years ago in Asia Arrived in America in the 1600s Aztec Indians domesticated the wild turkey Became a large commercial industry in the 1950s Raised by confinement method Largest producer of eggs is California

47. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Poultry Production Poultry Science – the study of poultry that includes breeding, incubation, raising, housing, nutrition, sanitation, and marketing Goal is to produce quality at a reasonable price Developed over last 50 years to improve production rates

48. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Poultry Production Systems 3 main systems, mostly relating to chickens Used in raising poultry, eggs, meat, feathers, and other products for human use

49. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Broiler Production Goal: produce the most meat as quickly as possible Chicks must be healthy and continue growth Keep mortality to a minimum (death) – less than 5 percent

50. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Broiler Production Raised in large poultry houses 6 week raising time to reach market size (4 to 4.5 lbs) Grow fast in an efficient time to reduce cost

51. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Egg Production System Goal: produce high-quality eggs for human consumption One egg per day from each hen Not fertile, not hatched or incubated Graded due to quality and size - small, medium, large, jumbo Placed in cartons with small end down Large end up to protect quality of egg and air cell

52. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Egg Anatomy Yolk – oocyte cell produced by hen’s ovary Albumin – egg white Eggshell – calcium layer Air cell – empty space at large end of egg where oxygen is stored Chalaza – anchors yolk in the egg white

53. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Egg Anatomy Germinal disc – white spot in egg where sperm enters egg to allow fertilization Inner Shell Membrane – thin area outside of albumin Outer Shell Membrane – thin area inside of shell

54. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Egg Quality Quality determined by external appearance and internal condition Size, shape, color, cracks, blemishes, or dirt Shell is primarily calcium-protection 95% of market shells are white Demand for brown eggs is increasing

55. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pullet Production Hens raised for egg production Specially bred birds Selected from day old chicks Raised similar to broilers Only females are raised Bred for maximum egg production Known as “replacement hens”

56. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Broiler Egg Production System Pullets and cockerels raised together specifically to produce broilers Females should have large numbers of quality eggs Males should be large in size Chicks are selected for system