1. PRE-AP GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 4 - THE WORLD’S CULTURE WEEK OF SEPTEMBER 2 ND – 5 TH CULTURE

2. I. CULTURE A. Culture - The set of beliefs, values, and practices that a group of people has in common. Includes many aspects of life, such as language and religion, that we may share with people around us. Each is unique B. Culture Trait - An activity or behavior in which people often take part, such as language spoken or sports played. Can be shared by people around the world. Can change from place to place. World Cultures

3. 4.1 CULTURE

4. II. Development of Culture A. Culture traits are often learned or passed down from one generation to the next. Within families as traditions, foods, or holiday customs. Laws and moral codes within societies. B. Cultures develop as people learn new culture traits such as immigrants who move to a new country. Other factors, such as history and environment, also affect how cultures develop.

5. C. A culture region - is an area in which people have many shared culture traits, such as religious beliefs, language, or lifestyle. A single culture region can dominate an entire country. A single country may include more than one culture region within its borders. A culture region may stretch across country borders. D. Often, culture regions are based on ethnic groups— groups of people who share a common culture and ancestry. E. Cultural diversity - is the state of having a variety of cultures in the same area. Creates an interesting mix of ideas, behaviors, and practices. Can sometimes lead to conflict.

6. III. How Cultures Change A. Innovations—new ideas or ways of doing things—often bring about cultural changes. As societies come into contact with each other, cultures can change. B. How Ideas Spread: The spread of culture traits from one region to another is called cultural diffusion. Occurs when people move from one place to another. Takes place as new ideas spread from place to place Cultural Diffusion

7. 4.1CULTURE The Big Idea Culture, a group’s shared practices and beliefs, differs from group to group and changes over time. Main Ideas Culture is the set of beliefs, goals, and practices that a group of people share. The world includes many different culture groups. New ideas and events lead to changes in culture.

8. 4.2 POPULATION

9. I. POPULATION A. Population - the total number of people in a given area, determines a great deal about the place in which a person lives. Population influences business, transportation, schools, and more. Geographers study human population because they are interested in patterns that emerge over time. Study information such as how many people live in an area, why people live where they do, and how populations change. Population

10. B. Population Density 1. Population density—a measure of the number of people living in an area 2. High population density areas - Land more expensive, Roads crowded, & Buildings taller 3. Low population density areas - More open spaces, Less traffic, More available land Population Density

11. II. Where People Live When an area is thinly populated, it is often because the land does not provide a very good life such as Rugged mountains, Harsh deserts, Polar regions Areas with denser populations tend to be regions with fertile soil, reliable sources of water, and a good agricultural climate.

12. A. POPULATION CHANGE 1. Migration - the process of moving from one place to live in another. A common cause of population change. People migrate for many reasons. Some factors push people to leave their country & Some factors pull, or attract, people to new countries. 2. WORLD POPULATION TRENDS Earth’s population has exploded in the last 200 years. WHY? - Better health care & Improved food production Two important population trends: Population growth in some of the more industrialized nations has begun to slow & Less industrialized nations often have high growth rates. Population Trends

13. 4.2 POPULATION The Big Idea Population studies are an important part of geography Main Ideas The study of population patterns helps geographers learn about the world. Population statistics and trends are important measures of population change.

14. 4.4 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

15. A. Globalization - the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade. Caused by improvements in transportation and communication over the last 100 years 1. Popular culture - refers to culture traits that are well known and widely accepted. United States has great influence on global popular culture and is also influenced by global culture in the aspect of food, sports, music, and movies. Globalization

16. 2. CHANGES TO THE ENVIRONMENT Countries often join together to settle conflicts such as wars, trade disputes, and political disagreements The United Nations (UN) is an organization of the world’s countries that promotes peace and security around the globe. The world community promotes cooperation in times of crisis such as ones caused by earthquakes, floods, and drought. Groups from many nations often come together to provide humanitarian aid, or assistance to people in distress. Organizations representing countries around the globe work to help in times of crisis.

17. 3. Expansion of global trade has increased interdependence—the reliance of one country on the resources, goods, or services of another country—between countries. Many companies in one country often rely on goods and services produced in another country. Because of globalization, the world seems smaller. Places are more connected and what happens in one part of the world can affect the entire planet. The world community works together to promote cooperation among countries in times of conflict and crisis.

18. 4.4 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Big Idea Fast, easy global connection have made cultural exchange, trade, and a cooperative world community possible. Main Ideas Globalization links the world’s countries together through culture and trade. The world community works together to solve global conflicts and crises.

19. 4.2 AND 4.4 VOCABULARY 7. Population 8. Birthrate 9. Migration 10. Globalization 11. Popular culture 12. Interdependence 13. United Nations (UN) 14. Humanitarian aid

21. 4.3 GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY

22. I. Government and Government Types A. Governments - Make and enforce laws, Regulate business and trade, Provide aid to people, & Help shape the culture and economy of a country as well as the daily lives of people who live there. 1. Democracy - is a form of government in which the people elect leaders and rule by majority. Some work to protect the freedoms and rights of their people. Others restrict the rights and freedoms of their people. Democracy

23. 2. Monarchy – a government that is Ruled directly by a king or queen, the head of a royal family. One of the oldest types of government. In some, power is in the hands of just one person. In others, many democratic practices are used. Monarchy 3. Dictatorship - a government where a single, powerful ruler has total control. Leader is called a dictator. Often rules by force with people having few rights and no say in their own government. Dictatorship Dictatorship

24. 4. Communism – is a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country. Leaders are chosen by the Communist Party or by Communist leaders. People have restricted rights and very little freedom. Communism 5. Theocracy - is a form of government in which a deity is officially recognized as the civil Ruler and official policy is governed by officials regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious group. Iran is the most notable country that uses theocracy as a form of government. Theocracy

25. II. Economy - is a system that includes all of the activities that people and businesses do to earn a living. A. TYPES OF ECONOMIES 1. Traditional Economy - System in which people grow their own food and make their own goods. Trade may take place through barter, or the exchange of goods without the use of money. 2. Market Economy - System based on private ownership, free trade, and competition where Individuals and businesses are free to buy and sell what they wish. Sometimes called capitalism 3. Command Economy - System in which the central government makes all economic decisions. Government decides what goods to produce, how much to produce, and what prices will be. Communist governments own & control businesses in their countries.

26. DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Developed countries have strong economies and a high quality of life Developing countries have less productive economies and a lower quality of life. Developed and Developing Countries Developed Countries Developing Countries

27. 4.3 GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY The Big Idea The world’s countries have different governments and levels of economic development. Main Ideas The governments of the world include democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism. Different economic activities and systems exist throughout the world. Geographers group the countries of the world based on their level of economic development.