1. Period 4 (1450-1750) Aim: How did demand for labor increase and change as a result of demand for agriculture? Review: “It is better to be feared than loved.” “The ends justify the means.” -Machiavelli, 1513 Paraphrase these statements

2. Overview: Traditional Peasant Agriculture Plantations expanded Demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas. European colonization and introduction of European agriculture and settlement practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion. WHY?

3. Raw Materials and Plantations Frontier Settlements in Siberia - The Siberian fur trade made Russia's fortune. Russia was a poor nation on the fringe of European affairs until the 17th century, fur hats became popular and the Siberian sable gave Russia its first export commodity. Cotton Textiles in India - High tariffs against Indian textile workshops, British power in India through the East India Company and British restrictions on Indian cotton imports transformed India from the source of textiles to a source of raw cotton. HOW did the British turn India into a source for raw materials? Silk Production in China – increased demand in Spanish colonies and Europe for silk

4. Coerced Labor Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor (chattel, indenture, encomienda, hacienda) Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, named because people treated as the personal property (chattel) of owner, bought and sold as if they were commodities. Indentured Servitude- was a form of debt bondage, established in the early years of the American colonies and elsewhere. Way for poor teenagers in Britain and the German states to get free passage to the American colonies. Work for a fixed number of years, then be free to work on their own. Employer purchased the indenture from the sea captain who brought the youths over. Worked as farmers or helpers for farm wives, while some were apprenticed to craftsmen. Would YOU become an indentured servant? Why, why not?

5. Encomienda A legal system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labor and autonomy. The Spanish crown granted amount of natives. Should protect natives from warring tribes and instruct them in Spanish language and Catholic faith They could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold, or other products. The difference between encomienda and slavery minimal. Many natives forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death. Similar to former Inca Empire system, of extracting tribute in the form of labor - Mita System Were natives better off or worse under Spanish?

6. Hacienda System Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. Many haciendas combined these productive activities. The hacienda system of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, New Granada and Peru was a system of large land holdings. Similar system existed on a smaller scale in the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The hacienda were developed to be self- sustaining in everything but luxuries meant for display, which were destined for the handful of people in the circle of the patrón. Similar to Medieval European eco.?