1. International Inequality Some participants in dependent regions had an opportunity to prosper (African Kings and indigenous merchants in Latin America) Many peasants remained untouched Does not stimulate local manufacturing or economic advance in dependent countries Dependence in the world economy helped form a coercive labor system

2. International Inequality The necessity for cheap products produced in the Americas resulted in exploitation of people. East Asian civilizations did not need European products (internal) China remained outside the world economy Limited trade was permitted in Macao and European desire for Chinese manufactured items made China the leading recipient of American silver

3. International Inequality Japan was initially open to Europe. Missionary activity and military technology quickly ended this. Mughal India, the Ottomans, and Safavid Persia all traded with Europe but concentrated on their own development. Russia and Africa (not involved in slave trade) remained outside the international orbit.

4. Expansionism European dominance spread to new areas during the 17 th and 18 th centuries. British and French merchants strengthened their positions as the Mughal Empire began falling apart. Britain passed legislation designed to turn their holdings into dependent regions

5. Expansionism Tariffs blocked competition India’s complex economy survived but with a weakened international status Eastern Europe joined world economic activity by exporting grain, produced by serfs working on large estates from Prussia, Poland and Russia to the west.

6. Americas Spain colonized West Indian islands and the mainland in Panama Military expeditions conquered the Aztecs and Incas Early colonies were formed by small bands of adventures, controlled by European administrators Many sought gold

7. Americas Sought tribute from indigenous populations Spain and Portugal create more formal administrations Missionaries come Religious refugees come to British territories in North America Land grants stimulate growth

8. Americas French in Canada establish manorial estates. Small immigration but high birth rate Many American loyalists arrive after the 1776 revolution. North America has less “value” Continuing warfare, declination of Indian populations. No new populations

9. Americas Most colonies follow European patterns Patriarchal, Enlightenment, merchant class, literacy Importation of slavery separates from European patterns