1. Powerful Persuasion Use the note-taking sheet to fill in the information that you need! There will be a quiz on this information in the future…Friday maybe?!

2. Who uses persuasion? Politicians Politicians Advertisers Advertisers YOU! YOU!

3. Argument the use of logic, proofs, or anything else that appeals to the reader’s or listener’s logic. Here’s a graph, pie chart, research of some sort…believe me….it’s logical!

4. Argument Against the Person Attacking the individual that made the statement rather than the statement itself Who would believe him anyway? He is completely discredited!

5. Argument from Authority Accepting a statement as a true just, because it was made by an expert, authority or even a well known person Example: 1. Physicist A won Nobel Prize. 2. Physicist A says Vitamin C cures cancer. 3. Therefore, Vitamin C must cure cancer.

6. Analogy Comparison that points out how two things are alike Initiative A supports women’s rights, Initiative B also supports women’s rights…therefore, you should vote for initiatives A and B.

7. Black or White Fallacy Inaccurately representing a situation as having only two alternatives; demonstrating that one alternative is undesirable, hence the other alternative is correct Example: 1. Either you make a million dollars by the time you are thirty, or you are a failure. 2. You are thirty and have not made a million dollars. 3. Therefore, you are a failure.

8. False Cause Claiming that just because one event precedes another, the first event is therefore the cause of the second event Example: 1. I sneezed, and then the customer walked out. 2. Therefore, sneezing sends customers away.

9. Hasty Generalization Generalizing (using all, every) from too few instances Example: 1. The redhead has a hot temper. 2. Another redhead is hot tempered. 3. Therefore, all redheads are hot tempered.

10. Rhetorical Question Asked only to make a point, and does not require an answer We all love school, don’t we?

11. Call to Action Language that directly urges the reader or listener to do something I strongly urge you all to rise up against oppression and fight with me to repeal the school’s dress code! We are individuals aren’t we!? We should be able to dress like one!

12. Appeal to Emotion Powerful imagery, figure or speech, or inflammatory language (an appeal often either paints a rosy picture of the effects of taking the speaker’s advice, or paints a horrifying picture of the results of ignoring it). Arousing emotions (pride, fear, pity, sexual feeling, grief, etc.) and causing the individual to have difficulty in reasoning well.

13. Appeal to Emotion Example: 1. I am sorry to hear that your loved one died. It is so sad to be alone now, and some people even die shortly after their loved one goes! I knew of one couple, and they both died within months of each other. 2. Therefore, it is a good idea for you to sell your business to me at this low price.

14. Non Sequitur from Latin, meaning “it does not follow” Any very weak argument in which the reasons provide very poor support for the conclusion Example: 1. Tom does not drink or smoke. 2. Therefore, Tom ought to make a good husband.

15. Ambiguous Terms A word or words that can have more than one meaning and therefore causes confusion, or cloud an argument