1. Fracture of tibia .

3. Proximal tibial fracture
Mechanism of injury : -
Due to valgus or varus force with axial loading
Causes : -
52% - due to bumper injuries
17% - due to fall from heights.
31 % - miscellaneous causes
Types :-
1. Articular (Hohl and Moore`s classification )
Plateau fracture fracture dislocation
2. Nonarticular

4. Hohl & Moore’s classification
Fracture dislocations 1. Split fracture 2. Entire condyle fracture 3. Rim avulsion fracture ( Involves lateral condyle, associated with capsular tears and vascular injuries ) 4. Rim compression type (Unstable associated with avulsion of cruciates) 5. Four part fracture (Unstable with Collateral avulsed And neurovascular injuries)

5. Total condylar depression Bicondylar fracture
Plateau fracture
Minimally displaced
split compression
Local compression
Total condylar depression
Bicondylar fracture

6. Schatzker classification
I: Lateral split II: Lateral split with depression III: Pure lateral depression; no splitting IV: Medial tibial plateau split or split depression type fracture V: Split fractures of both medial and lateral tibial plateaus VI: Split extends to metadiaphysis, separating metaphysis from diaphysis
- Types I to III are low-energy injuries.
- Types IV to VI are high-energy injuries.
- Type I usually occurs in younger individuals and is associated with medial collateral ligament injuries
- Type III usually occurs in older individuals

7. Schatzker 1:
Split Fracture of the lateral side.

8. Schatzker 2:
Lateral split with depression

9. Schatzker 3: .
Pure lateral depression; no splitting

10. Schatzker 4 .
Medial tibial plateau split or split depression type fracture

11. Schatzker 5:
Split fractures of both medial and lateral tibial plateaus

12. Schatzker 6
Split extends to metadiaphysis, separating metaphysis from diaphysis

15. Clinical features Pain Swelling Deformity Haemarthrosis
Decrease movement of knee
Instability in valgus or varus

16. Investigations Routine : -
AP and lateral view (to demonstrate majority of tibial condyle fractures )
Oblique view ( to localise the fracture)
CT scan (study the depth of depression )

17. Schatzker I: Definition:. Lateral split
Etiology: Often due to valgus stress. Occurs in younger patients with stronger bones, which are resistant to depression. Often due to a bumper injury.
Common associated injuries: Lateral meniscal tear. The lateral meniscus may also become entrapped in the fracture and require arthroscopy.
Treatment: Typically, lateral fixation.

18. Schatzker II Most common tibial plateau fracture.
Definition: Lateral split with depression.
Etiology: Often due to valgus or axial stress. Occurs in older patients with osteoporosis with bones that do not resist depression.
Common associated injuries: Lateral meniscus, medial meniscus, and medial collateral ligament.
Treatment: Typically, lateral fixation. The depressed fragments are elevated and supported with bone graft.

19. Schatzker III: Definition: Pure lateral depression; no splitting
Etiology: Older patients with osteoporosis. Often just due to a fall.
Common associated injuries: If the depressed fragments are lateral and posterior, it is associated with joint instability.
Treatment: If there is instability, the fractured fragments are elevated and supported with bone graft and lateral internal fixation.

20. Schatzker IV:
Definition: Medial tibial plateau fracture that may be a split or split depression type fracture.
Etiology: Varus stress. Often severe trauma.
Common associated injuries: Associated with avulsion of the intercondylar eminence, which may indicate anterior cruciate ligament injury. Lateral collateral ligament injury. Peroneal nerve injury. Popliteal artery injury.
Treatment: Medial plate and screws.

21. Schatzker V:
Definition: Split medial and lateral tibial plateau (Bicondylar). Metaphysis is still in continuity with the diaphysis.
Etiology: Often pure axial stress with severe trauma.
Common associated injuries: Neurovascular, ACL, and meniscal injuries.
Treatment: Typically, medial and lateral internal fixation. .

22. Schatzker VI:
Definition: Metaphyseal fracture that separates the articular surface from the diaphysis.
Etiology: High-energy trauma.
Common associated injuries: Neurovascular injury and compartment syndrome. Also meniscal, ACL, and collateral ligament injuries.
Treatment: Typically medial and lateral internal fixation

23. Treatment In plateau fracture
Undisplaced fractures : - above knee , POP cast with 5 degree flexion or cast bracing
Displaced fractures : - closed reduction , with or without skeletal tractionand a long leg cast
In depressed fractures : -
For less than 8 mm depression (above knee casts )
For more than 8 mm with a large splint fragment, skeletal traction
For more than 8 mm with a smaller splint fragment (ORIF with bone grafting after elevation of the depression )

24. Cont.. In splint fracture:- ORIF
Skeletal traction ( comminuted fractures )

25. COMPLICATIONS Knee stiffness Infection Compartment syndrome
Avascular necrosis of small articular fragments: This may result in loose bodies within the knee.
Popliteal artery laceration.
Peroneal nerve injury: This is most common with trauma to the lateral aspect of the leg where the peroneal nerve courses in proximity to the fibular head and lateral tibial plateau.
Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: This may result from residual articular incongruity, chondral damage at the time of injury, or malalignment of the mechanical axis.
Malunion or nonunion: This is most common in Schatzker VI fractures at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction, related to comminution, unstable fixation, implant failure, or infection.
COMPLICATIONS
Knee stiffness
Infection
Compartment syndrome
Malunion or nonunion
Posttraumatic osteoarthritis
Peroneal nerve injury
Popliteal artery laceration.
Avascular necrosis

26. Distal tibia fractures
PILON FRACTURES
( TIBIAL PLAFOND FRACTURES )
- Due to axial loading forces following the RTA or fall from height
- males are more commonly affected than females
- mean age is 35 to 40 years

27. Classification
Type 1 : - undisplaced cleavage fracture of the joint and are usually low energy injuries in which the fracture fragments are nearly aligned
Type 2 : - displaced but minimally comminuted fractures and are usually moderate energy injuries
Type 3 : - highly comminuted and displaced fractures and are usually high energy injuries

28. Type 1 : - undisplaced cleavage fracture of the joint and are usually low energy injuries in which the fracture fragments are nearly aligned

29. Type 2 : - displaced but minimally comminuted fractures and are usually moderate energy injuries

30. Type 3 : - highly comminuted and displaced fractures and are usually high energy injuries

31. Clinical features Pain Swelling Deformity Inability to bear weight
Loss of sensation

32. Findings Look for peripheral pulses and the sensation in the foot
look for deformity and swelling
Look for local bruising , fracture blisters and if there is a tense calf muscles (indicates compartmental syndrome )
Investigations
X – rays AP , lateral and ankle mortise view
CT scan (nature and extent of the injury )

33. Treatment Minimally displaced fractures :-
treated with a plaster cast on external fixator
Displaced fractures : -
open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screws

34. Complications include
. infection
mal-union or union of the fracture in a unacceptable position
non-union that is failure of the fracture to unite
arthritis of the ankle joint