1. The art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking.

2.  An essay that addresses a specific purpose  Has a targeted audience  Requires reasoning  An effective argument is a well-constructed presentation of ideas that takes a stand about an issue. Often this is called a claim or thesis statement Is supported with various evidence or premises

3.  Order of importance  Chain of reasoning  Cause and effect  Rebuttal  Concession/refutation  Process analysis

5.  Description Depicts images verbally in space and time  Narration Tells a story or relates an event  Exposition Informs, instructs, or presents ideas/truths  Argumentation Convinces, proves, or refutes a point of view or issue

6.  Purpose  Audience  Appeals of Logic, Emotion, and Ethics  Classical Structure Introductory Paragraph Concession and Refutation Confirmation Paragraphs Concluding Paragraph

7.  Support a cause  Promote a change  Refute a theory  Stimulate interest  Win agreement  Arouse sympathy  Provoke anger

8.  Who is exactly is the audience?  What do they know?  What do they believe?  What do they expect?  How will the audience disagree with me?  What will they want me to address or answer:  How can I—or should I—use jargon?  Should I use language that is formal, factual, and objective—or familiar, anecdotal, and personal?

9.  Types of Logical Appeals (logos)  Emotional Appeals (pathos)  Ethical Appeal (ethos)

10.  Incorporate inductive reasoning.  Use deductive reasoning  Create a syllogism  Cite traditional culture  Cite commonly held beliefs  Allude to history, religious texts, great literature, or mythology  Manipulate the style.  Employ various modes of discourse for specific effects

11.  Provide testimony  Draw analogies/create metaphors  Order chronologically  Provide evidence  Classify evidence  Cite authorities  Quote research  Use facts  Theorize about cause and effect  Argue from precedent

12.  Use language that involves the senses.  Include a bias or prejudice  Include an anecdote  Include connotative language  Explore euphemisms  Use description  Use figurative language  Develop tone  Experiment with informal language

13.  Show written voice in the argument  Make the audience believe that the writer is trustworthy  Demonstrate that the writer put in research time  Support reasons with appropriate, logical evidence

14.  Present a carefully crafted and edited argument  Demonstrate that the writer knows the audience and respects them  Show concern about communicating with the audience  Convince the audience that the writer is reliable and knowledgeable