1. UNIT 6 California By ep715. Creative Commons.

2. Reported speech We can report another person’s words in two different ways:  by repeating the exact words spoken (direct speech)  by reporting the words spoken (reported or indirect speech) Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we use quotation marks. Example: Molly said: "There is a lot of traffic." Reported speech doesn't repeat the exact words spoken and we don't use quotation marks. It's usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. Example: Molly said there was a lot of traffic Reporting statements We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used. The man said, "I saw her." The man said that he had seen her. Reported questions, normal word order is used: subject verb, because the sentence becomes a statement, and there is no auxiliary DO, DOES, or DID. She asked, "Where is he?" → She asked where he was

3. Compound nouns Here we have some common compound nouns in English: wildlife, shopping list, hand cream, toothbrush, apple pie, credit card, haircut, passer-by, crossword, hairdresser As you can see, some are written as separate words, others are written together, and others are joined by a hyphen. However, all of them are formed by two words working as a single noun. Another characteristic of this type of nouns is that they can be formed by different combinations of words, for example: noun + noun- toothbrush adjective + noun - wildlife verb + noun - shopping list noun + preposition - passer-by noun + verb - haircut

4. Reported commands The tourist guide told Paco and the other tourist: “Don't visit L.A. without our help”! “Visit Hollywood and its popular Walk of Fame”. “Don't miss the original Disneyland in Anaheim”. “Come to Beverly Hills”. “Sunbathe in Malibu wonderful beaches”. (These sentences are in direct speech) The tourist guide told Paco not to visit LA without their help. And to visit Hollywood and its popular Walk of Fame. She also told them not to miss the original Disneyland in Anaheim. And also to come to Beverly Hills and to sunbathe in Malibu wonderful beaches (Now they are in reported speech. All of them are commands)

5. False friends One of the great things about learning English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages (Spanish, for example) and English. However, there are also a lot of words that look similar in our language but the meaning is different. These are called false friends, or false cognates. This is one of the biggest difficulties for students of English. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language. Some of the most common false friends are: actually, large, sympathetic, advice, carpet, exit, support, argument, lecture, collar, casualty, library, etc.

6. A narrative A narrative is an account of a sequence of events, usually in chronological order. Anyone has a chance to relate a story that only he or she can tell. Whether it comes from a personal experience or is one that the writer has imagined. By using sensory details, the five Ws and H (who, what, where, when, why, and how), and basic story structure, any subject can be made exciting. Narrative writing is one of the most common types of writing assignments. A successful narrative should have: A opening paragraph sets the scene establishing the situation: it gives details of time, place, people and atmosphere) Paragraph 2 develops the story, describing specific and completed actions Final paragraph or conclusion tells how the story ended with the final consequences