1. CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND INTRO TO “ISMS”

2. REVIVED CONSERVATISM After the defeat of Napoleon, conservatives (reactionaries) reassert themselves The Big Four England – Lord Castleregh Russia – Alexander I Prussia – Hardenberg Austria- Metternich Led by Klemenz von Metternich “The Dancing Congress”

3. CONSERVATISM Conservatists believed that national, historic, and religious traditions are the essential foundations of any society. All change should be gradual Appealed to those frightened by the social disorder, violence, and terror of the French Revolution Traditional institutions of power: Monarchy Aristocracy Church Patriarchal family

4. CONSERVATIVE GOALS Legitimacy Restore ruling families Napoleon and French Revolution dispose of Compensation Reduce France to its old boundaries Balance of Power Weaken France so no longer wage war of aggression or threaten balance of power Didn’t want to humiliate or antagonize France

5. PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED Prussia and Russia want land compensation for their losses in war Austria had received land and Britain maintained large overseas colonial empire; this nearly led to new hostilities Tallyrand, Castleregh, and Metternich forged a secret alliance Restored French prestige internationally Prospect of war caused Prussia and Russia to moderate their demands

7. PRINCIPLES Intervention: states of Europe had the right to interfere with internal politics of another state to preserve the status quo Britain objected to this principle “Dual revolution” – combination of economic and political interests Example: socialism Holy Alliance: Austria, Russia, and Prussia together in 1815, initiated by Tsar Alexander I

8. HOLY ALLIANCE: RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, AND PRUSSIA L-R: ALEXANDER I, FRANZ I, FRIEDERICK WILHELM III

9. AGE OF METTERNICH Political situation of Austrian Empire feeds Metternich’s political beliefs Main objective is to protect Austrian Empire and snuff out any liberal or nationalistic movements Austrian Empire: multi-lingual, multi-ethnic empire Set up Congressional System (Metternich System) Designed to snuff out any Liberalism or Nationalism Nationalism, liberalism, constitutionalism will lead to the destruction of the Austrian Empire

10. SETTLEMENT RESULTS France forced to return to its 1790 borders and to pay 700 million francs France was allowed to keep most of its overseas possessions, its arm, and an independent government To keep France from renewing its drive for power, the Congress encircled France with strengthened powers: Austrian Netherlands was united with the Dutch Republic to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands A group of 39 German states were loosely joined to a newly created German Confederation, dominated by Austria Congress recognized Switzerland as an independent and neutral nation Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of Piedmont and Savoy Russia acquired more Polish territory Sweden retained Norway Prussia acquired 2/5ths of Saxony and territory in the Rhineland along the border of France Austria acquired the northern Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia as compensation for its loss of Belgium Britain gained valuable territories for its overseas empire including Malta, Cape of Good Hope, Trinidad, and Tobago

11. EVALUATION Congress of Vienna enacted a settlement that was acceptable to both the victors and to France It created a balance of power that lasted until the unification of Germany in 1871 It underestimated the forces of liberalism and nationalism unleashed by the French Revolution

12. CONSERVATISM Pro-Status Quo – opposed to liberalism and nationalism For those who feared the terror, violence, and social disorder that was unleashed by the French Revolution Supported the ruling elite and the monarchs Stability and longevity, not progress and change, mark a good society Only sources of political authority: God and History Rejected the social contract theory Natural rights are determined and allocated by the state/authority

13. CONSERVATISM Impact: Basically reactionary in nature, anti-everything Hatred of liberalism which they saw as anti social and morally degrading The aggressive Middle Class was the new, “tyranny” in society

14. “RADICAL” IDEOLOGIES Liberalism: Liberty and equality are the prime desires of “classical” liberalism Laissez-faire government; “the government that is best is the one that governs least” Includes economic liberalism (equality of opportunity) Expects representative government, but not necessarily democracy Freedom of speech, press, assembly Constitutionalism: Democratic republicans Democracy – universal male suffrage Republicanism: Desired government for the people

15. LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE, DELACROIX

17. MIDDLE CLASS - LIBERALISM First theory in Western thought to teach that the individual is a self-sufficient being. Freedom and well-being are paramount. Liberals came from the middle class. Liberalism was reformist in nature not revolutionary. Main influence between 1815-1845

18. MIDDLE CLASS - LIBERALISM Characteristics Entitled to seek their freedom if unjust restrictions are imposed. Humans have certain natural rights that governments should protect. Basic Fundamental Rights – right to own property (Bill of Rights) Education was a prerequisite to individual responsibility and self-government

19. MIDDLE CLASS - LIBERALISM Economic Liberalism Laissez-faire capitalism or no government controlled capitalism Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations 1776 Free enterprise is the best type of economic system Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo – Competition will check the system

20. MIDDLE CLASS - LIBERALISM Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham The pleasure – pain principle (good-evil) Humans are to avoid pain and seek pleasure Theory used to test laws – “the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people” Best government protects individualism and brings most pleasure and least pain to greatest number

21. MIDDLE CLASS - LIBERALISM England – John Stuart Mill “government that governs best governs least” Advocate of women’s rights and unions Impact: Liberalism had an impact on British reforms of the mid 1800s Main impact of the continent was in the different Germanic regions (Prussia and Austria)

22. TORIES AND WHIGS Party of Aristocracy Scared by the French Revolution (suspended habeas corpus, controlled the press with Six Acts, practically ended right to assembly) Want to keep making $ after the end of the Continental System (which had helped the sales of domestic corn grown on land they owned) Corn Laws, 1815 Led by aristocrats but more friendly to the middle class. Made representation in the Commons more reflective of population density, allowed the solid middle class to vote Reform Bill of 1832 Created a number of new districts representing heavily urban areas Doubled the number of voters to include most middle-class men Under Bill, only about 1 in 5 adult males could vote Workers, women, and the poor were all excluded

23. TORIES AND WHIGS Supported the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 (joined by Tory leader Robert Peel) Corn Laws placed a high tariff on imported corn, wheat, and other grains Tariff benefitted large landowners by providing them with a protected market for their crops Prominent industrialists formed the anti-corn law league and advocated a free-trade policy that would lower the price of food and increase the profits of industry Wealthy landowners stubbornly resisted all reform proposals. However, the Irish potato famine dramatically strengthened the support for cheaper imported grains Limited the work day with the Ten Hours Act

24. FAILURE OF LIBERALISM: GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Irish mistreated by British landlords Irish Catholics versus British Protestants Horrible poverty and high population growth Completely dependent on the potato Potato crop problems started in 1820, peaked with failed crops in 1845, 1846, and 1848 British government provided little to no relief

25. CONSEQUENCES Failure of British liberalism 1 million Irish fled the country and 1.5 million died Intensified anti-British feeling Promoted Irish nationalism

26. THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT Britain’s disenfranchised workers demanded more sweeping reforms In 1838, working-class leaders drew up a People’s Charter that demanded universal manhood suffrage, a secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and the abolition of property requirements for membership in the House of Commons. Despite widespread public support, Parliament adamantly refuse to consider the Chartists’ proposals. Note: Most of the Chartist reforms would be ultimately adopted

27. NATIONALISM The most insidious of “radical movements Spain and Naples establish liberal constitutions Principle of intervention is invoked and monarchies are restored Nationalism becomes tied to liberalism; most nationalists support liberal ideas The best way to get freedom from a ruling culture was to have liberty and equality. These people were seeking a government and identity for their “nation” and these emotions were made militant by the revolution. Nationalism’s roots: cultural identity of a people Nation: people group with common history, language, and traditions Nation-state: political unit that encompasses and is governed by a nation

28. NATIONALISM Nationalism draws its motivation from Napoleon and the French Revolution Subject peoples start to think of themselves along national and linguistic lines Roots of European democracies: just as a nation is comprised of people with a common tongue; so should they also be governed by themselves “we” versus “they” mentality 2 events set the scene for Nationalism in the early-mid 1800s Napoleonic Wars: either displaced, corrupted, or destroyed governments from Spain to Western Russia Congress of Vienna 1815 “Legitimacy” – reinstalled the old ruling families (Bourbon, Habsburg, Romanov) “Balance of Power” – land divided up equally Some nationalities were broken up (Poland, Germans, Slavic Nations)

29. NATIONALISM Characteristics: Romantic sentiment Break down of loyalties to the Church and the Dynastic influence Sovereignty belonged to the people Pride and a sense of a nation came from like peoples

30. NATIONALISM Johan Gotfied Herder (1744-1803) Every group of people is unique and possess a distinct national character No one culture is better than another. All are part of humanity. Every nation has a right to become a sovereign nation.

31. PARADOX OF NATIONALISM Liberal and democratic but also deals with feelings of national superiority. Each nation felt oppressed by various other ones and strive for ascendancy over their neighbors. Ultimately leads to the destruction of international order and heightened militancy between rival nations. Nationalist stirrings lead to nationalist movement leads to liberation for the majority leads to wars of liberation on behalf of oppressed remainders eventually leading to WWII

32. CONSERVATIVES VERSUS LIBERALS AND NATIONALISTS Most of the conflict between 1820 and 1848 were Conservatives trying to put down an Liberal or Nationalistic movements Age of Metternich see conservatives holding on, but never stopping nationalists or liberals Other “ism” ideas developed in this time

33. SOCIALISM Bentham’s utilitarian ideas of “greatest good for the greatest number” + Smith’s laissez-faire governments = Human equality and social justice for all classes

34. SOCIALISM System of economic equality planned by the government Characteristics: Economic planning by government Greater economic equality State regulation of property Urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights Government backed workshops and factories

35. UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS Based on Sir Thomas More’s Utopia Human society should be organized by a community All peoples needs met within the community

36. FRENCH UTOPIAN SOCIALIST French Socialists – system of economic equality planned by the government Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Industrialization, aided by science, would bring a wondrous new age to Europe “parasites” must give way to “doers” Louis Blanc (1811-1882) – more practical approach Urged workers to fight for universal suffrage and to take control using democracy

37. MARXISM Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1844 I charge the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Communist Manifesto, 1848 “the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles” Characteristics: Class struggle: between bourgeoisie (middle class) and proletariat (working class) Wages were stolen profits from the workers Inevitable, violent revolution

38. MARXISM Marx believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. The thesis is the dominant state of affairs – it inevitably gives rise to conflicting or contradictory force called antithesis. The resulting class between the thesis and antithesis produces a new state of affairs called synthesis. Marx argued that 19 th century society had split “into 2 great classes directly facing each other: bourgeois and proletariat” As the owners of the means of production, the bourgeoisie were the thesis and proletariat were the antithesis Marx contended that this struggle would to lead “to the dictatorship of the proletariat” The “dictatorship of the proletariat” would be transitional phase leading “to the abolition of all classes and to a classless society” in which there would be no private ownership of the means of production Marx and Engels argued that women were exploited by both men and capitalists

39. ROMANTICISM Reaction to the cold, calculating emotionless Enlightenment Rooted itself in Rousseau Emotion is important (in Emile, the rearing of a child), thus Romantics pulled from this basis

40. The Romantic Movement e Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. e Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany. e A reaction against classicism. e The “Romantic Hero:”  Greatest example was Lord Byron  Tremendously popular among the European reading public.  Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness. e Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. e Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany. e A reaction against classicism. e The “Romantic Hero:”  Greatest example was Lord Byron  Tremendously popular among the European reading public.  Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.

41. ROMANTIC BELIEFS Romantics loved nature and the French Revolution; hated industrialization Believed in attaining lofty spiritual heights; great deeds; emotional glory and intense suffering Emotions were not to be denied Nature was a source of inspiration Nationalistic movements (ex: Greece) to be supported Boundless universe Search for the sublime is the hallmark of Romantics Looking for transcendent experiences

42. MAKING COMPARISONS The Enlightenment embraced a mechanical view of human nature and the physical world. Rejected faith and instead relied on a rational, scientific approach to understand the relationship between human beings and the natural world Favored the deist view that a distant God created the natural world and like a “divine witchmaker” stepped back from his creation and humanity’s daily concerns The romantics believed in a loving, personal God. Stressed emotion, inner faith, and religious inspiration Embraced the wonders and mysteries of nature as a way to feel the divine presence

43. ROMANTIC ARTISTS Caspar David Friedrich, Wonderer Above the Mist

44. ROMANTIC ARTISTS Eugene Delacroix – Liberty Leading the People

45. ROMANTIC ARTISTS John Constable – The Hay Wain

46. ROMANTIC ARTISTS Francisco Goya – The Third of May 1808

47. ROMANTIC ARTISTS J. M. W. Turner – Hannibal Crossing the Alps

48. KEY ROMANTIC FIGURES William Wordsworth Father of Romanticism Friends with Samuel Taylor Coleridge Worked together to write Lyrical Ballads Samuel Taylor Coleridge Also a literary critic Wrote poetry

49. OTHER WRITERS Jane Eyre – Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights – Emily Bronte (1847) Ivanhoe – Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame – Victor Hugo The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844) Frankenstein – Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897) Grimm’s Fairy Tales – Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Faust – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

51. ROMANTIC MOVEMENTS Sturm and drang: storm and stress; Germanic romantics very intense lives; often ending in suicide Goethe: Wrote Faust German nationalistic poet

52. The Romantic Poets  Percy Byssche Shelley  Lord Byron (George Gordon)  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  William Wordsworth  John Keats  William Blake  Percy Byssche Shelley  Lord Byron (George Gordon)  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  William Wordsworth  John Keats  William Blake

53. ROMANTIC MANIFESTATIONS France was not totally pulled in to the Romantic movement French classicism retained some hold France became the leader of the realist movement Fairy tales, medieval stories, poetry Grimm Brothers: increased German knowledge of folklore and nationalism Music designed to transport the soul, no longer religiously bent; more concerned with emotional impact of the music Beethoven: Romantic composer Eroica (originally composed for Napoleon) Eroica Ninth Symphony

54. ROMANTICISM AND NATIONALISM As romantic writers studied the past, they helped make people aware of their common heritage. The resurgence of national feeling sparked nationalist movements across Europe. The first stirring was felt in Greece. The Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire began in 1821 While revolutions in Spain and Italy failed because of great power intervention, the Greek revolt succeeded because of the support of Great Britain, France, and Russia These nations all wanted to expand their influence in the Balkans They were also influenced by public support for Greece because of its historic importance as the birthplace of Western civilization