1. Roman Republic

2. The Beginning Romulus & Remus: Mythical founders of Rome

4. Three groups shaped early Roman culture: Latins Greeks Etruscans

5. C. Early Roman Society & Government Est. of a republic (509 B.C.) ▫In Greek democracy ALL citizens had the right to vote ▫In Roman Republic, only certain citizens had the right to vote.

6. Early Roman Society & Government Made up of 3 branches ▫Two Consuls ▫Senate ▫Assembly

7. Early Roman Society & Government Dictator: an absolute ruler, only elected during a crisis. Example: ▫Cincinnatus

8. Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times. Watercolor (18 th century), Giuseppe Becchetti

9. 2. Roman Values Gravitas: ▫Discipline ▫Strength ▫Courage Pater Familias: ▫“Father of the Family” ▫The eldest man who had complete control over the household Women: ▫In charge of the daily running of the household ▫They were citizens and could own property and testify in court. ▫They could not vote.

10. 3. Social Classes Patricians: special families who claimed their ancestors had been “Fathers of Rome.”Patricians: special families who claimed their ancestors had been “Fathers of Rome.” Plebians: Common Roman citizens such as farmers, artisans, and merchants, who lacked the status of the Patricians, but were the majority in RomePlebians: Common Roman citizens such as farmers, artisans, and merchants, who lacked the status of the Patricians, but were the majority in Rome.

11. 4. Pyrrhic Victory A victory gained at too high a price ▫Winning a battle, losing a war Pyrrhus

12. Rome treated conquered territories differently ▫Willing to extend citizenship to people outside of Rome itself. ▫Others, to, of conquered land were given the status of “1/2 citizens.”  All rights except voting.

14. B. Wars with Carthage Carthage ▫A rich trading city off the coast of Africa.

15. 1. First Punic War (264-241) Rome and Carthage go to war for control of Sicily. After 23 years of fighting, Carthage’s navy is defeated and Rome gains control of this rich, grain growing island. ▫How is Carthage’s navy defeated? ▫Luck!

17. 2. Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.) Hannibal (Carthage) invades Italy with 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants.

19. Second Punic War, cont. Hannibal enjoys many stunning victories against Roman armies, but cannot capture Rome itself. Finally, a Roman general named Scipio goes off to attack Carthage. Hannibal and his army return from Italy to defend it, but are then defeated by Scipio at the battle of Zama (just outside Carthage)

21. Scipio Hannibal

22. 3. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) Romans laid siege to Carthage for 3 years. The Roman army finally broke through into the city and completely burned it—that was the final demise of the city of Carthage.

23. Results and changes from the Punic Wars. ▫The gap between the rich and poor grew Slavery became widespread Led to discontentment

24. Julius Caesar became the first sole ruler of Rome. ▫He’s elected consul in 59 B.C. He bribed the Senate and the Assembly to follow his decisions. ▫He conquered Gaul (France) and Germanic tribes. ▫In 44 B.C. he was appointed dictator

26. Caesar’s contributions He set up public work programs to create more jobs. He founded 20 colonies throughout the empire for Rome’s landless poor He developed the 365 day calendar and leap year.

28. Assassination of Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.) in Roman senate. Painting (19th century), Vincenzo Camuccini.