2. The discovery of the X-ray Roentgen (RR) 1895 X-ray production The X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons with sufficient energy strike a target. Most of the electron energy is converted to heat but a very minute amount (less than 1%) is converted to x-ray. The X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons with sufficient energy strike a target. Most of the electron energy is converted to heat but a very minute amount (less than 1%) is converted to x-ray.

3. History of the X- ray tubes The primitive X – ray tube. Rotating anode tube. Modern tube with collimation.

4. The first X-ray image

5. The X-ray properties in diagnostic Radiology are depend on: 1-Ability to penetrate organic matter 2- Ability to produce photographic effect on (photo sensitive film) 3- Ability to produce phosphorescence( fluorescence) in certain crystalline materials ( intensifying screen)

6. TISSUES PENETRTABILITY Depend on: 1- Tissue density 2- Atomic number of tissue Classified as: Classified as: A- Radiolucent materials through which the x-rays passed readily. B- Radio-opaque materials in which x-rays are absorbed to considerable degree in their passage.

7. Very radiolucent : Gases Moderately radiolucent : Fatty tissues Intermediate : Connective tissue Muscles Blood Cartilages Moderately radio-opaque: Bones Calcium salts Very radio-opaque: Heavy metals Very radiolucent : Gases Moderately radiolucent : Fatty tissues Intermediate : Connective tissue Muscles Blood Cartilages Moderately radio-opaque: Bones Calcium salts Very radio-opaque: Heavy metals

8. Radiation effects (Hazards) 1- Acute effects: acute illness & skin erythema 2- Chronic effects: a-Blood forming organs ( Leukemia & a granulocytosis) a-Blood forming organs ( Leukemia & a granulocytosis) b-Induction of malignant tumors( skin T.) b-Induction of malignant tumors( skin T.) c-Eye lens (cataract) c-Eye lens (cataract) d-Ovaries & testicles ( Infertility) d-Ovaries & testicles ( Infertility) e-Genetic changes. e-Genetic changes. f- Reduction of life span. f- Reduction of life span.

9. Protection The patients. The employer. The patients. The employer.

10. Definition of terms Radio-opacity (Radio- opaque) Depend on x-ray absorption by tissues ( bones, stones, abnormal pathology and heavy metals )

11. Radio-lucency (radio-lucent) Low tissue absorption ( gases, stones, pathology)

12. Consolidation ( solid lung) Replacement of air in the alveoli by fluid Change of radio- lucency to radio- opacity The fluid may be: Exudates as in pneumonia Pus as in pneumonia Serous as in oedema Blood as in heamatoma Cells as in tumor

13. Cavity A hole in the lung with thin wall -- Tb. If there is fluid ( fluid level ) -- Abscess

14. Osteopenia Decreased bony density, result in thin cortex and wide medulla Osteoporosis & osteomalacia

15. Osteolytic (bone destruction) Single, multiple or diffuse

16. Osteoblastic : means increase bone density It is either LocalizedMultipleDiffuse

17. Periosteal reaction: New bone formation arising from periosteum following bone destruction. TYPES: TYPES: 1. Linear e.g. Osteomyelitis 2. Lamellated (Onion peal) e.g. Ewing sarcoma. 3. Perpendicular (sun ray ) e.g. Osteogenic sarcoma

18. Filling defect It is either: Bad preparation Bad preparation S.O.L S.O.L

19. Air Fluid level: sharp line of demarcation between air translucency and fluid. 1. In the bowel can be caused by Intestinal obstructions. 2. In a cavity as in Abscesses. 3. In the pleural cavity as in Hydro- pneumo –thorax.

20. Types of X-rays imaging: Types of X-rays imaging: Plain Film Contrast film Plain Film Contrast film Contrast is a chemical material of high atomic number used to visualize the lumen of G.I.T., U.T, VESSELS. etc. Contrast is a chemical material of high atomic number used to visualize the lumen of G.I.T., U.T, VESSELS. etc. Examples: Examples: 1. G.I.T----Gastrografin, Ba sulfate 2. Bronchial system –Dionosil 3. I.V. contrast ( organic iodides) Hypaque Conray Conray Urografine Urografine

21. How to send the patient to X-ray department ? The request form The request form

23. Appointment Preparation