2. Meiosis Mitosis Harvesting Energy Energy and Metabolism Membranes 50 40 30 20 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50

3. What is the structure of the cell membrane It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic portion inward, hydrophilic portion outward

4. What is diffusion? Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

5. What is osmosis? Movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration

6. What is active transport? Give examples Movement of molecules or substances from low concentration to high concentration; requires energy.

7. Describe the types of bulk movement. Endocytosis- movement of particles into a cell ( phagocytosis, pinocytosis & cell mediated) Exocytosis-movement of particles out of the cell

8. Define potential and kinetic energy Potential- stored energy Kinetic-energy in motion

9. What do the 1 st and 2 nd Laws of Thermodynamics state? 1 st - energy cannot be created or destroyed, simple changed form 2 nd - disorder (entropy) is more likely than order

10. What are enzymes and how do they work? Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower activation energy. They bind to specific substrates in order to make the reaction occur faster

11. What is ATP and how does it work? Adenosine triphosphate, it releases energy (7.3 kcal/mole) when a phosphate is broken off the triphosphate tail

12. What is a feedback mechanism? A mechanism or signal that tends to accelerate(positive) or inhibit (negative) a process

13. Define autotroph and heterotroph Autotroph- organism that can produce its own food Heterotroph- organism that must obtain its food

14. What is the equation for cellular respiration? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + ATP

15. What is ATP used for? 1.Making sugars 2.Supplying activation energy 3.Actively transporting substances across membranes 4.Moving cells through environment 5.Growth

16. Explain what occurs in each step of cellular respiration 1.glycolysis- glucose to pyruvate (2) 2.Pyruvate is oxidized 3.Pyruvate enters Krebs where nine intermediates are formed to produce 2 ATP 4.ETC where bulk of ATP is made (36)

17. Discuss aerobic respiration and fermentation Aerobic- produces 36 ATP for every glucose; requires O2; very efficient Fermentation- produces 2 ATP for every glucose; no oxygen required

18. Define heterochormatin, euchromatin, diploid, haploid and homologous chromosomes Heterochormatin- permanently condensed DNA Euchromatin- DNA used to express genes Diploid- two sets of chromosomes Haploid- one set of chromosomes Homologous chromosomes- chromosomes that are identical

19. What is the structure of a chromosome and how many are there? Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein Humans have 46

20. What are the steps to the cell cycle? 1.Interphase 2.Mitosis 3.cytokinesis

21. What types of checkpoints does the cell cycle have? 1.G1 checkpoint 2.G2 checkpoint 3.M checkpoint

22. What types of genes regulate the cell cycle? 1.Tumor suppressor genes 2.Proto-oncogenes

23. Define meiosis Meiosis- the production of sex cells

24. What are somatic cells Body cells (skin, liver, brain)

25. What are germ line cells? Cells that become reproductive cells (sperm and egg)

26. What are three unique characteristics of meiosis? 1.Crossing over 2.Independent assortment 3.Reduction division

27. Why are the cells created by meiosis unique? The cells are genetically different from each other.