1. Chater 8 and 9 Energy in Living Organisms
CELL METABOLISM
Metabolism
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell
Necessary for maintaining life
Uses
_____________________materials the cell needs
enzymes
Breaks down or builds

2. Enzymes Are ____________
Required for every chemical reaction in an organism
Without, would not be able to maintain ___________ Don’t make the reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own
Make the reaction occur much _____
proteins
homeostasis
faster

3. Function of Enzymes Serve as _________
Work by lowering the _______________
 energy required to get the reaction started
catalysts
activation energy

4. Characteristics of Enzymes
Work best in a narrow ______________________
They are not changed or used up in the reaction; can be _______________ again
They are_______________; because of their_____
_________- surface to which the enzyme binds
__________- where substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction
pH & temperature range
used over & over
substrate-specific
shape
Substrate
Active site

5. BREAKING DOWN MOLECULES

6. BUILDING MOLECULES

7. CELL ENERGY  Energy is the ____________________
____________: Organisms that obtain energy from consuming food
____________: Organisms that use sunlight or chemicals to convert inorganic compounds into food for energy.
Example: Plants – use the process of_____________, to make their own food. This process occurs in the ____________
The equation for photosynthesis: 
ability to do work
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
photosynthesis
chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O + energy → C6 H12 O6 + O2

8. ATP Chemical Energy Stored in ______________ Potential energy
When bonds are broken;
converted to _____________
in the form of ____
Food molecules cannot be
used directly
The amount of energy
released would be ________and __________
chemical bonds
useable energy
ATP
ATP
wasteful
destructive

9. ATP ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate ____________composed of:
Nitrogen base - ________
5-carbon sugar- ________
__phosphate groups
Nucleotide
adenine
ribose 3
ATP

10. Energy is stored in ________________________bonds.
ATP works like a _____________________.
Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by ____________ ________________a phosphate group
phosphate – phosphate
rechargeable battery
breaking
off or adding
Energy is _________ when the phosphate bond is broken
ATP is converted to _____________ ____________
ADP is like an “____________” battery
Energy is _______ when phosphate
bond is added to ADP making ATP
ATP is “__________” like a fully
charged rechargeable battery
released
ADP- adenosine
diphosphate
uncharged
stored
recharged

11. Like a Rechargeable Battery

12. ATP – ADP CYCLE
Phosphate bonds

14. Cellular Respiration Aerobic energy production
Breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen
Produces ATP
Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Equation for cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

15. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2 2 2 34

16. 3 STEPS TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycolysis
Occurs in cytoplasm
Uses 1 glucose molecule and O2
Produces 2 Pyruvic acids, 2 ATP’s and high energy e-
Krebs Cycle
Occurs in outer membrane of mitochondria
Produces CO2 as waste, 2 ATP’s and high energy e-
Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria
Uses O2 and high energy electrons from first 2 steps
Produces H2O and 32 ATP’s

17. GLYCOLYSIS

18. KREBS CYCLE

19. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

21. 2 32 STAGE WHERE # ATP KREBS CYCLE 1 GLUCOSE GLYCOYSIS CYTOPLASM
OUTER
MITOCHONDRIA
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
INNER 32

22. TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION 36 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

23. Anaerobic Energy Production
Fermentation
Anaerobic Energy Production
Occurs if oxygen is not available
Glycolysis still takes place
2 ATP’s are made for 1 glucose
2 types:
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation

24. Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces Lactic acid
Human Muscle Cells
Occurs when muscles run out of oxygen
Muscle switches to fermentation
Lactic acid builds up; causes pain, soreness & fatigue
Will switch back to Cellular Respiration when oxygen is re-supplied
Lactic acid is sent to liver to be broken down
Bacteria
some bacteria
during anaerobic conditions
Utilized by dairy industry to produce yogurt & cheese

25. Alcoholic Fermentation: Produces alcohol and CO2
Occurs in Yeast during anaerobic conditions
Important in brewing & baking industries

26. TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION 2 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

27. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Process in which energy of sunlight is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugar and starches) and oxygen, a waste product
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Temperature
photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function best between 0o and 35o C
Availability of water
Shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis
Amount of Light
Increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis

28. Light and Pigments
In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule found in chloroplasts.
Pigment: light absorbing molecule
Principal pigment is chlorophyll
2 main types
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
Energy absorbed by chlorophyll
is transferred directly to
electrons in the chlorophyll
Makes photosynthesis possible
These high-energy electrons are
used to help build carbohydrates.

30. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Occurs in the chloroplast
Uses sunlight to convert H2O and CO2 into high energy sugars and O2
uses water and light
splits water and releases O2
produces O2 and glucose
Cellular Respiration
Occurs mostly in mitochondria
Uses O2 and glucose to produce H2O,
CO2 and ATP
uses oxygen and glucose
produces carbon dioxide, water and energy (36 ATP)