1. Cellular Respiration

2. What is Cellular Respiration?
The process of converting food energy into ATP energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

3. Why do plants need both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Chloroplasts use energy from the sun to make glucose
Mitochondria convert glucose to ATP—the energy currency of the cell

4. What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate Energy currency of the cell
5-Carbon sugar (Ribose)
Nitrogenous base (Adenine)
3 Phosphate groups
Energy currency of the cell
The chemical bonds that link the phosphate groups together are high energy bonds
When a phosphate group is removed to form ADP and P, small packets of energy are released

5. So what? ATP + H2O→ ADP + P + ENERGY Energy is stored in these bonds.
The breaking of the chemical bond releases the energy
ATP + H2O→ ADP + P + ENERGY

6. How is ATP used?
As ATP is broken down, it gives off usable energy to power chemical work and gives off some nonusable energy as heat.
Synthesizing molecules for growth and reproduction
Transport work – active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Mechanical work – muscle contraction, cilia and flagella movement, organelle movement

7. Cellular Respiration
The process by which mitochondria break down glucose to make ATP
In order for our bodies to use the energy, the food must be broken down into a usable form
What is the usable form of energy?
What type of process breaks down molecules?

8. Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy
The Stages of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has two stages.
Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen). A large amount of ATP is made during aerobic respiration. NAD+ is recycled during the anaerobic process of fermentation. 12

9. Cellular Respiration Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
Glycolysis Glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis, making some ATP. 13

10. Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Production of ATP
Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration.
Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. 14

11. Cellular Respiration Fermentation in the Absence of Oxygen
Fermentation When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows glycolysis, regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue.
Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate. 15

12. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process like burning fuel
Releases much of the energy in food to make ATP
This ATP provides cells with the energy they need to carry out the activities of life.
C6H12O6+O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
1. g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.
Mitochondria consist of a matrix where three-carbon fragments originating from carbohydrates are broken down (to CO2 and water) and of the cristae where ATP is produced. Cell respiration occurs in a series of reactions in which fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP, a substance that powers most cell activities.
1. i.* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast store energy for ATP production.
Enzymes called ATP synthase, located within the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and cristae membranes in mitochondria, synthesize most ATP within cells. The thylakoid and cristae membranes are impermeable to protons except at pores that are coupled with the ATP synthase. The potential energy of the proton concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis as the protons move through the ATP synthase pores. The proton gradient is established by energy furnished by a flow of electrons passing through the electron transport system located within these membranes.

13. Review
When oxygen is present most the ATP made in cellular respiration is produced by:
A. aerobic respiration
B. Glycolysis
C. alcoholic fermentation
D. Lactic acid fermentation.