1. Human Genome Project - established to determine DNA sequence of humans. - useful in locating genes and curing disorders. Example Gene Therapy- replacing faulty gene with the correct gene. - accomplished by using viruses to deliver genes into cells. - currently experimental DNA Technology

2. Normal Gene Engineered Virus Gene Therapy Bone Marrow Cell Nucleus Chromosomes

3. Genetic Engineering Done 2 ways: 1. Selective Breeding - allows desired traits to breed together. Example A. Hybridization - crossing organisms with different traits - helps bring out the best traits B. Inbreeding (true-breeding) - crossing organism with similar traits - maintains the desired trait

4. Dog Breeds(selective breeding)

5. 5 Copying DNA ► Polymerase Chain Reaction ► Also called PCR ► A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA 2. DNA Manipulation - the copying, cutting, identifying, and transplanting of DNA

6. 6 Steps in Copying DNA ●A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube ●DNA polymerase that works at high temp’s is added

7. 7 Steps in Copying DNA ► The DNA is heated to separate the two strands ► Primers, short pieces of complementary DNA, are added

8. 8 Copying DNA ●The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

9. 9 PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

10. Gel Electrophoresis - process of separating DNA fragments for identification STEPS 1. DNA Extraction - DNA pulled out by cell fractionation in a centrifuge. 2. DNA cut into fragments - Restrictive Enzymes cut DNA at specific locations. * DNA is too large to analyze all together

11. Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments. Use of Restriction Enzymes

12. 3. DNA Analysis a. Fragments placed in a porous gel. b. Electric current is applied to gel. - opposite sides become (+) & (-) c. (-) charged DNA moves towards (+) end of gel. d. Short fragments move farther than long fragments leaving bands. e. Position of bands is specific to each person.

13. Gel Electrophoresis

14. DNA Fingerprints

15. Uses of Genetic Technology 1. DNA Fingerprinting - DNA samples from blood, hair, etc. are identified by gel electrophoresis. - used to solve crimes by comparing DNA from a crime scene with suspect’s DNA.

16. 2. Transgenic Organisms - implanting genes from one species into another species. Example a. Microorganisms - bacteria can produce human insulin using human genes. b. Animals - mice are given human genes and studied. - farm animals are given genes to produce extra growth hormones.

17. c. Plants - genes for natural insecticides can be placed into crop plants. - genes that make vitamins can be added to plants. - Genetically Modified Organism - organism w/ altered genes to produce a desired affect. Tobacco plant with a lightning bug gene.

18. 3. Cloning -creating a genetically identical organism from a single body cell. (+) useful in producing transgenic organisms and saving endangered species (-) many cloned animals suffer from defects Body Cell Egg Cell Surrogate Mom Clone