1. APA Guidelines APA Chapters 2-5 FSE 200

2. Outline Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization Italicizing and Abbreviating Numbers, Metrication, and Statistics Displaying Results Footnotes, Appendices, and Supplemental Material

3. Introduction Many guidelines set forth within APA Handbook. This presentation will address the high points. You MUST be familiar with the remainder of the requirements in the textbook. Know how to look up answers within this text for future reference.

4. PUNCTUATION, SPELLING, AND CAPITALIZATION APA Chapter 2

5. When to use a comma Between elements (including before and and or) in a series of 3 or more items To set off nonessential or nonrestrictive clauses To separate two independent clauses To set off the year in exact dates To set off the year in parenthetical citations

6. When to use a semicolon To separate two independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunction To separate items in a series that already contain commas

7. When to use a colon Between a grammatically complete introductory clause and a final phrase or clause that illustrates or extends that clause In ratios and proportions In references between place of publication and publisher

8. Use Quotation Marks to Introduce a word or phrase used as an ironic comment, as slang, or as a coined expression To set off the title of an article or chapter in a book when the title is mentioned in the text To reproduce material verbatim

9. Use Parentheses to Set off structurally independent elements (see Figure 1) Set off reference citations in the text Introduce an abbreviation or acronym Set off letters that identify items in a series within a sentence or paragraph Enclose the citation or page number of a direct quotation in the text

10. Quotations If quoting less than 40 words, enclose quote with double quotation marks and incorporate into text. If more than 40 words, use a block quotation, starting quote on a new line and indenting block about ½ inch (five spaces) from the left margin. Double-space entire quote.

11. Quotations Must be Accurate Direct quotations must follow the wording, spelling, and interior punctuation of the original source, even if the source is incorrect. Insert the word sic italicized and bracketed immediately after the error in the quotation “…even when reel [sic] drugs were administered.”

12. Double or Single Quotation Marks Use double quotation marks to enclose quotations in text Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks to set off material that in the original source was enclosed in double quotation marks. Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations Place periods and commas within closing single or double quotation marks.

13. Parenthetical Citation Placement At the end of a sentence, close the quoted material with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and end with the period or other punctuation outside the final parenthesis. When quoting, always provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text (May, 2003, p. 201). In a block quote, cite the quoted source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark.

14. Other Helpful Hints Use Brackets to enclose parenthetical material that is already within parentheses Do not use a hyphen unless it serves a purpose Write most words formed with prefixes as one word,not hyphenated When 2 or more compound modifiers have a common base, this base is sometimes omitted in all but the last modifier but the hyphens remain (first- and second- graders)

15. ITALICIZING AND ABBREVIATING APA Chapter 3

16. Use italics for Titles of books and periodicals Introduction of a new, technical, or key term or label (only the first time) Letters used as statistical symbols Periodical volume numbers in reference lists Do not use italics for emphasis

17. Abbreviations Use abbreviations sparingly. If you do use abbreviations, spell it out the first time, then place the abbreviation in parentheses. Abbreviate every time thereafter. If you do not save considerable space by using abbreviations, then do not use them.

18. Abbreviations Some abbreviations appear in Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and thus can be used as words without explanation: IQ, AIDS, HIV

19. Latin Abbreviations e.g. represents for example etc., and so forth i.e. represents that is vs. represents versus or against Use the abbreviation v instead of vs for court cases All of the aforementioned expressions should be set off with parentheses et al. which means “and others”, does not have to have parentheses

20. In abbreviations, use periods with: Initials of names (J.R. Jones) Abbreviation for United States when used as an adjective Reference abbreviations Do not use periods with abbreviations of state names, acronyms, metric and nonmetric measurements (with the exception of in.) Never begin a sentence with a lowercase abbreviation

21. NUMBERS, METRICATION, AND STATISTICS APA Chapter 4

22. Numbers The general rule governing APA style on the use of numbers is to use figures to express numbers 10 and above and words to express numbers nine and below.

23. Use figures to express All numbers 10 and above All numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above Numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement Numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractions, percentages, or ratios

24. Use figures to express Numbers that represent time, dates, ages, sample or population size, scores and points on a scale, exact sums of money Numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers All numbers in the abstract

25. Use Words to Express Numbers below 10 that do not meet one of the requirements above The numbers zero and one when the words would be easier to comprehend Any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading

26. Decimal Places Use a zero before a decimal point when numbers are less than 1 Do not use a zero before a decimal fraction when the number cannot be greater than 1.

27. General Principles Regarding Decimal Places Round as much as possible while keeping prospective use and statistical precision in mind Fewer decimal digits are easier to comprehend than more decimal digits Generally, round to two decimal places

28. DISPLAYING RESULTS APA Chapter 5

29. Tables Tables usually show exact numerical values and arrange data in an orderly display of columns and rows Writers should use tables selectively, because too many tables clutter the paper and make the text hard to follow Do not use tables if the table has two or fewer rows; describe the numbers in the text

30. Arranging Data in Tables Table entries that are to be compared to one another should be next to one another Different indices (means, standard deviations, etc.) should be segregated into different parts of the table Make sure every table can stand alone; in other words, the reader can understand the table without the text

31. Tables in Text In the text, refer to every table and tell the reader what to look for Refer to tables by their numbers (e.g., see Table 5) Use similar formats, headings, titles, and terminology between tables Number all tables with Arabic numerals in the order in which the tables are first mentioned in the text (Table 1) Identify tables in appendix with Capital letters and Arabic numerals

32. Tables in Titles and Headings Give every table a brief but clear and explanatory title Abbreviations that are not standard are explained in a general note to the table below the table. Column headings should not be many more characters in length than the widest entry of the column they span

33. Stub Columns Each column of a table must have a heading, including the stub column, or leftmost column of the table If you need to subordinate the stub column, you can indent stub items instead of creating additional columns Some tables may require table spanners, that cover the entire width of the body of the table All headings should normally be singular- only the first letter of the word in the heading should be capitalized

34. Other Hints Use the same number of decimal places for all numbers in the table If a cell cannot be filled because data are not applicable, leave that cell blank. If it cannot be filled because no data were obtained or reported, use a dash

35. Notes to a Table A general note qualifies, explains, or provides information relating to a table as a whole and ends with an explanation of abbreviations, symbols, etc. A specific note refers to a particular column, row, or individual entry and are indicated by superscript lower case letters A probability note indicates the results of tests of significance. Asterisks indicate those values for which the null hypothesis is rejected, with the probability specified in the probability note

36. Placement of Notes All notes begin on the left margin and are double-spaced General notes preceded specific notes, which precede probability notes

37. Ruling of Tables Limit the rules in a table to those needed for clarity and use horizontal rather than vertical rules Use generous spacing between columns and rows and strict alignment for clarity

38. Figures Any type of illustration other than a table is considered a figure Figures can be charts, graphs, photographs, drawings, or other depictions Tables are used instead of figures to present a large amount of quantitative data Figures are especially useful in describing an interaction between two variables (e.g., X and Y) and nonlinear relations

39. Standards for Figures Good figures are simple, clear, and continuous Good figures: Augment (but not duplicates) text Convey only essential facts Omit visually distracting details Are easy to read and understand

40. Bar Graphs Show comparisons and distributions in a set of data (values, percentages, index numbers) Columns are easy to differentiate by fill pattern Zero is indicated on ordinate axis Axes are labeled legibly and are just long enough to accommodate bar length Used when the independent variable is categorical

41. Scatter Plots Consist of single dots plotted to represent the values of single events on the two variables Meaningful clusters of dots imply correlations

42. Line Graphs Used to show the relation between two quantitative variables The independent variable is plotted on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable is plotted on the vertical axis Easily can display more than one comparison at a time.

43. Circle (Pie) Graphs Used to show percentages and proportions The number of items compared should be kept fewer than five Order the segments from large to small, with largest beginning at 12 o’clock Highlight slices from light to dark, with smallest segments being the darkest segments

44. Dot and Shaded Maps Dot maps show population density and shaded maps can show averages or percentages In these cases, plotted data are superimposed on a map

45. Preparing Figures Use a minimum of an eight-point font and a maximum of a 14-point font Use Arial, Futura, or Helvetica font for lettering Point size should vary by no more than 4 points Do not use top and side borders if it can be avoided

46. Creating Graphs Use bright white paper Use medium lines for the vertical and horizontal axes Choose the appropriate grid scale Indicate units of measurement by placing tick marks on the lines Clearly label each axis with the quantity measured and the units in which the quantity is measured

47. FOOTNOTES, APPENDICES, AND SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

48. APA footnotes Content footnotes supplement or amplify substantive information in the text Should only be included if they strengthen the discussion Copyright permission footnotes acknowledge the source of quotations All other reference citations should appear in the reference list

49. Author Note Included with each article to identify the authors’ departmental affiliations, provide acknowledgements, state any disclaimers, and provide a point of contact for the interested reader.

50. Paragraphs in the Author’s Note The first paragraph should identify the authors’ affiliations at the time of the study; no academic degrees are given The second paragraph should only be included if one of the authors has changed affiliations The third paragraph acknowledges any financial support received, any colleagues who may have assisted on the project, and any special circumstances of authorship or research The fourth paragraph provides a complete mailing address for the correspondence

51. Appendices Appendixes allow the author to provide the reader with detailed information that would be distracting to read in the main body of the article and enable production staff to be more flexible with rules of style and layout. If your paper has only one Appendix, label it Appendix; if it has more than one, label each one with a capital letter (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.)

52. Acknowledgement Thanks to Dr. David May for much of the contents of this presentation.