1. 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT Chapter 14 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

2. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold Gold producers China South Africa Australia United States Canada Cyanide heap leaching Extremely toxic to birds and mammals Spills contaminate drinking water and kill birds and fish

3. Gold Mine with Cyanide Leach Piles and Ponds in South Dakota, U.S. Fig. 14-1, p. 346

4. 14-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and Hazards? Concept 14-1 Dynamic processes move matter within the earth and on its surface, and can cause volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, erosion, and landslides.

5. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet What is geology? Dynamic processes taking place on earth’s surface and in earth’s interior Three major concentric zones of the earth Core Mantle Including the asthenosphere Crust Continental crust Oceanic crust: 71% of crust

6. Major Features of the Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle Fig. 14-2, p. 348

7. Volcanoes Folded mountain belt Abyssal fl oor Oceanic ridge Abyssal fl oor Trench Craton Abyssal hills Abyssal plain Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Continental shelf Continental slope Continental rise

8. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (1) Convection cells, or currents Tectonic Plates Lithosphere

9. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (2) Three types of boundaries between plates Divergent boundaries Magma Oceanic ridge Convergent boundaries Subduction zone Trench Transform boundaries: San Andreas fault

10. The Earth’s Crust Is Made Up of a Mosaic of Huge Rigid Plates: Tectonic Plates Fig. 14-3, p. 348

11. Spreading center Ocean trench Subduction zone Oceanic crust Continental crust Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Cold dense material falls back through mantle Hot material rising through the mantle Mantle convection cell Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on a falling convection current. Mantle Hot outer core Inner core

12. The Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Fig. 14-4, p. 349

13. EURASIAN PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE AFRICAN PLATE INDIA PLATE PACIFIC PLATE COCOS PLATE COCOS PLATE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE ARABIAN PLATE PHILIPPINE PLATE CHINA SUBPLATE ANATOLIAN PLATE PACIFIC PLATE NAZCA PLATE SOMALIAN SUBPLATE AUSTRALIAN PLATE SCOTIA PLATE ANTARCTIC PLATE Divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries Transform faults

14. The San Andreas Fault as It Crosses Part of the Carrizo Plain in California, U.S. Fig. 14-5, p. 350

15. Some Parts of the Earth’s Surface Build Up and Some Wear Down Internal geologic processes Generally build up the earth’s surface External geologic processes Weathering Physical, chemical, and biological Erosion Wind Flowing water Human activities Glaciers

16. Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior Volcano Fissure Magma Lava 1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo Benefits of volcanic activity

17. Creation of a Volcano Fig. 14-6, p. 351

18. Fig. 14-6b, p. 351 Extinct volcanoes Eruption cloud Ash Acid rain Ash fl ow Lava fl ow Mud fl ow Landslide Central vent Magma conduit Magma reservoir

19. Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (1) Earthquake Seismic waves Focus Epicenter Magnitude Amplitude

20. Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (2) Richter scale Insignificant: <4.0 Minor: 4.0–4.9 Damaging: 5.0–5.9 Destructive: 6.0–6.9 Major: 7.0–7.9 Great: >8.0 Largest recorded earthquake: 9.5 in Chile in 1960

21. Major Features and Effects of an Earthquake Fig. 14-7, p. 351

22. Fig. 14-7a, p. 351 Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line Earth movements cause fl ooding in low-lying areas Landslides may occur on hilly ground Shock waves Focus Epicenter

23. Earthquake Risk in the United States Figure 16, Supplement 8

24. World Earthquake Risk Figure 17, Supplement 8

25. Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis Tsunami, tidal wave Travels several hundred miles per hour Detection of tsunamis Buoys in open ocean December 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami Magnitude 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore Role of coral reefs and mangrove forests in reducing death toll

26. Formation of a Tsunami and Map of Affected Area of Dec 2004 Tsunami Fig. 14-8, p. 352

27. Earthquake in sea fl oor swiftly pushes water upwards, and starts a series of waves Waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 890 kilometers per hour. As the waves near land they slow to about 45 kilometers per hour but are squeezed upwards and increased in height. Waves head inland causing damage in their path. Undersea thrust fault Upward wave Bangladesh IndiaMyanmar Thailand Sri Lanka Malaysia Earthquake Sumatra Indonesia December 26, 2004, tsunami

28. Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia before and after the Tsunami on June 23, 2004 Fig. 14-9, p. 353

29. 14-2 How Are the Earth’s Rocks Recycled? Concept 14-2 The three major types of rocks found in the earth’s crust—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic—are recycled very slowly by the process of erosion, melting, and metamorphism.

30. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1) Minerals Element or inorganic compound in earth’s crust Usually a crystalline solid Regular and repeating arrangement of atoms Rock Combination of one or more minerals

31. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2) 1.Sedimentary Sediments from eroded rocks or plant/animal remains Transported by water, wind, gravity Deposited in layers and compacted Sandstone Shale Dolomite Limestone Lignite Bituminous coal

32. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (3) 2.Igneous Forms below or at earth’s surface from magma Granite Lava rocks 3.Metamorphic Preexisting rock subjected to high pressures, high temperatures, and/or chemically active fluids Anthracite Slate Marble

33. The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very Slowly Rock cycle Slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes

34. Natural Capital: The Rock Cycle Fig. 14-10, p. 354

35. Erosion Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous rock Granite, pumice, basalt Sedimentary rock Sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Cooling Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic rock Slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite

36. 14-3 What Are Mineral Resources, and What Are their Environmental Effects? Concept 14-3 We can make some minerals in the earth’s crust into useful products, but extracting and using these resources can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil.

37. We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1) Mineral resource Can be extracted from earth’s crust and processed into raw materials and products at an affordable cost Metallic minerals Nonmetallic minerals Ore Contains profitable concentration of a mineral High-grade ore Low-grade ore

38. We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) Metallic mineral resources Aluminum Iron for steel Copper Nonmetallic mineral resources Sand, gravel, limestone Reserves: estimated supply of a mineral resource

39. Some Environmental Impacts of Mineral Use Advantages of the processes of mining and converting minerals into useful products Disadvantages

40. The Life Cycle of a Metal Resource Fig. 14-11, p. 355

41. MiningMetal ore Separation of ore from waste material SmeltingMelting metal Conversion to product Discarding of product Recycling

42. Surface mining Metal oreSeparation of ore from gangue Smelting Melting metal Conversion to product Discarding of product Recycling Stepped Art Fig. 14-11, p. 355

43. Extracting, Processing, Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources Fig. 14-12, p. 356

44. Natural Capital Degradation Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources StepsEnvironmental Effects Mining Disturbed land; mining accidents; health hazards; mine waste dumping; oil spills and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heat Exploration, extraction Processing Solid wastes; radioactive material; air, water, and soil pollution; noise; safety and health hazards; ugliness; heat Transportation, purification, manufacturing Use Noise; ugliness; thermal water pollution; pollution of air, water, and soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety and health hazards; heat Transportation or transmission to individual user, eventual use, and discarding

45. There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1) Surface mining Shallow deposits removed Overburden removed first Spoils: waste material Subsurface mining Deep deposits removed

46. There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (2) Type of surface mining used depends on Resource Local topography Types of surface mining Open-pit mining Strip mining Contour strip mining Mountaintop removal

47. Natural Capital Degradation: Open-Pit Mine in Arizona Fig. 14-13, p. 357

48. Area Strip Mining in Wyoming Fig. 14-14, p. 357

49. Natural Capital Degradation: Contour Strip Mining Fig. 14-15, p. 358

50. Undisturbed land Overburden Pit Bench Spoil banks

51. Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1) Scarring and disruption of the land surface E.g., spoils banks Mountain top removal for coal Loss of rivers and streams Air pollution Groundwater disruption Biodiversity decreased

52. Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2) Subsurface mining Subsidence Acid mine drainage Major pollution of water and air Effect on aquatic life Large amounts of solid waste

53. Spoils Banks in Germany from Area Strip Mining Fig. 14-16, p. 358

54. Mountaintop Coal Mining in West Virginia Fig. 14-17, p. 359

55. Ecological Restoration of a Mining Site in Indonesia Fig. 14-18, p. 360

56. Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1) Ore extracted by mining Ore mineral Gangue = waste material Smelting using heat or chemicals Air pollution Water pollution

57. Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2) Liquid and solid hazardous wastes produced Use of cyanide salt of extract gold from its ore Summitville gold mine: Colorado, U.S.

58. Individuals Matter: Maria Gunnoe West Virginia environmental activist Won $150,000 Goldman Environmental Prize for efforts against mountaintop coal mining Her home Flooded 7 times Coal sludge in yard Well contaminated

59. 14-4 How Long Will Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last? Concept 14-4A All nonrenewable mineral resources exist in finite amounts, and as we get closer to depleting any mineral resource, the environmental impacts of extracting it generally become more harmful. Concept 14-4B Raising the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to an increase in its supply, but there are environmental limits to this effect.

60. Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (1) Most of the nonrenewable mineral resources supplied by United States Canada Russia South Africa Australia Sharp rise in per capita use in the U.S.

61. Mineral Resources Are Distributed Unevenly (2) Strategic metal resources Manganese (Mn) Cobalt (Co) Chromium (Cr) Platinum (Pt)

62. Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted (1) Future supply depends on Actual or potential supply of the mineral Rate at which it is used

63. Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Can Be Economically Depleted (2) When it becomes economically depleted Recycle or reuse existing supplies Waste less Use less Find a substitute Do without Depletion time: time to use a certain portion of reserves

64. Natural Capital Depletion: Depletion Curves for a Nonrenewable Resource Fig. 14-19, p. 361

65. Mine, use, throw away; no new discoveries; rising prices A Recycle; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries B Production Recycle, reuse, reduce consumption; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries C Depletion time A Depletion time B Depletion time C Present Time

66. A Mine, use, throw away; no new discoveries; rising prices Depletion time A Recycle; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries B Depletion time B Recycle, reuse, reduce consumption; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries C Depletion time C Production Present Time Stepped Art Fig. 14-19, p. 361

67. Market Prices Affect Supplies of Nonrenewable Minerals Subsidies and tax breaks to mining companies keep mineral prices artificially low Does this promote economic growth and national security? Scarce investment capital hinders the development of new supplies of mineral resources

68. Case Study: The U.S. General Mining Law of 1872 Encouraged mineral exploration and mining of hard- rock minerals on U.S. public lands Developed to encourage settling the West (1800s) Until 1995, land could be bought for 1872 prices Companies must now pay for clean-up

69. Colorado Gold Mine Must Be Cleaned up by the EPA Fig. 14-20, p. 363

70. Is Mining Lower-Grade Ores the Answer? Factors that limit the mining of lower-grade ores Increased cost of mining and processing larger volumes of ore Availability of freshwater Environmental impact Improve mining technology Use microorganisms, in situ Slow process What about genetic engineering of the microbes?

71. Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean? (1) Mineral resources dissolved in the ocean -- low concentrations Deposits of minerals in sediments along the shallow continental shelf and near shorelines

72. Can We Extend Supplies by Getting More Minerals from the Ocean? (2) Hydrothermal ore deposits Metals from the ocean floor: manganese nodules Effect of mining on aquatic life Environmental impact

73. Natural Capital: Hydrothermal Deposits Fig. 14-21, p. 364

74. Black smoker White smoker Sulfide deposits Magma White clam White crab Tube worms

75. 14-5 How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability? Concept 14-5 We can try to find substitutes for scarce resources, reduce resource waste, and recycle and reuse minerals.

76. We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (1) Materials revolution Nanotechnology Ceramics High-strength plastics Drawbacks?

77. We Can Find Substitutes for Some Scarce Mineral Resources (2) Substitution is not a cure-all Pt: industrial catalyst Cr: essential ingredient of stainless steel

78. Science Focus: The Nanotechnology Revolution Nanotechnology, tiny tech Uses Nanoparticles Are they safe? Investigate potential ecological, economic, health, and societal risks Develop guidelines for their use until more is known about them

79. We Can Recycle and Reuse Valuable Metals Recycling Lower environmental impact than mining and processing metals from ores Reuse

80. Aluminum Cans Ready for Recycling Fig. 14-22, p. 366

81. We Can Use Mineral Resources More Sustainability How can we decrease our use and waste of mineral resources? Pollution and waste prevention programs

82. Solutions: Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals Fig. 14-23, p. 366

83. Case Study: Pollution Prevention Pays Begun in 1975 by 3M company, a very large manufacturing company Redesigned equipment and processes Fewer hazardous chemicals Recycled or sold toxic chemical outputs Began making nonpolluting products Company saved $1.2 billion Sparked cleaner production movement

84. Three Big Ideas 1.Dynamic forces that move matter within the earth and on its surface recycle the earth’s rocks, form deposits of mineral resources, and cause volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. 2.The available supply of a mineral resource depends on how much of it is in the earth’s crust, how fast we use it, mining technology, market prices, and the harmful environmental effects of removing and using it.

85. Three Big Ideas 3.We can use mineral resources more sustainably by trying to find substitutes for scarce resources, reducing resource waste, and reusing and recycling nonrenewable minerals.