1. DNA and Genes

2. Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes Prokaryotes: no defined nucleus and a simplified internal structure Eukaryotes: membrane limited nucleus and complicated internal structure

3. Genetic material is located in nucleus The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA DNA contains the information needed to build an individual

4. What is DNA needed for? Genetic information is copied from DNA and converted to protein RNA molecules work as messengers that carry the info to the ribosomes. Proteins are the biological workers.

5. DNA ( Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) DNA is two long chains of Nucleotides A Nucleotide consists of: A phosphate Group A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) A Nitrogenous Base

6. DNA The sides of the DNA strand are the connection of the Phosphates to the Sugars. Each Phosphate is connected to deoxyribose by a covalent bond.

7. DNA There are four bases that make up the “rungs” of the ladder Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

8. Four bases... Each of the four bases has a specific shape. Purine bases Adenine and Guanine Two carbon rings Pyrimidine bases Thymine and Cytosine A single carbon ring A two carbon ring can only attach to a single carbon ring.

9. DNA Each base pair is held together by a hydrogen a couple of hydrogen bonds.

10. Base Pairing Rule Adenine only pairs with Thymine and Cytosine only pairs with Guanine. They are called complimentary base pairs.

11. DNA Molecules Two polynucleotide chains are joined Double helix, twisted in right handed way Full circle in every 10 bases

12. The Genetic Code Describes how nucleotide sequence is converted to protein sequence Unit of three nucleotides = a codon A codon codes for a specific amino acid (structural component of protein)