1. Classification of Living Things

2. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? __________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to? TAXONOMY CHARACTERISTICS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

3. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE

4. Aristotle 384 B.C.E. (Before Common Era) Classified organisms as either plants or animals He developed the first two kingdoms Today we now have six identified kingdoms Animal, plant, protist, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi 4

5. Aristotle’s Classification System

6. 16 th Century Classification System

7. 17 th Century

8. Problems? Common names (popular name)can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is!

9. Problems? Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal

10. Problems? Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

11. Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

12. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair like bristles ” Names don’t show relationships between different animals

13. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) (1707-1778) MORPHOLOGY Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

14. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Came up with the scientific name (two names) Homo sapiens Also known as binomial nomenclature 14

16. Linnaeus’s System Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________ HIERARCHY SCIENTIFIC NAME

17. 17

18. Species Organisms that can only reproduce with their own kind. 18 ?

19. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Each is called a taxa or taxon.

20. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

22. Scientific Name Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

23. Our Scientific Name Humans Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

24. Classification of Man KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderPrimates FamilyHominidae GenusHomo SpeciesHomo sapiens 24

25. Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

26. Hint for 6 Kingdoms: Aunt = Archaebacteria Patty = Protist Eats= Eubacteria Pizza = Plant And = Animal Fruit = Fungi

27. Kingdom Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall ◦ peptidoglycan 27

28. Kingdom Archaebacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA ◦ Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only 28

29. Kingdom Protist Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food 29

30. Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Chitin Absorb food 30

31. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Cellulose Produce food (autotroph) ◦ photosynthesis 31

32. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotroph Movement for survive Sexual Reproduction 32

33. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ Evolution http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg How the organism has changed over time…years.

34. Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later 34

35. Cladogram for Transportation Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived 35

36. Construct a Cladogram 36

37. Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail 37

38. Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail 38

39. Lizard Four limbs Tail 39

40. Fish Tail 40

41. Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail 41

42. Clad With 4 Limbs 42

43. Clad With Fur 43

44. Clad With No Tail 44

45. Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail? 45

46. Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail 46 Gorilla Human

47. 47 Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

48. MODERN TAXONOMY Fossil record Morphology Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms: 1.___________________ 2.____________________ 3.______________________ 4.______________________ 5.______________________ Embryology: development in womb Chromosomes DNA How organisms have changed over time Shape and function Embryology= zygote, embryo, fetus

49. 1. FOSSIL RECORD Evolutionary history = _____________ PHYLOGENY We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

50. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

51. Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

52. Bird wing and butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. Insects and birds NOT closely related! ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg

53. 3. EMBRYOLOGY Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related

54. Kidspiration by Riedell Image sources: see end of show

55. Image Sources http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

56. http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif http://www.drtoy.com/news/ http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

57. http://www.gifs.net http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg