1. Menu Cones Cones – What Are They?

2. Menu Cones Drawing an Orthographic Cone You will be given sheets that will have the following views of a cone. These views will include a Front Elevation and a Plan. You have to draw the following views. –End-Elevation –Development

3. Menu Cones Positioning the End Elevation Start with projecting the height and widths from the Plan and Elevation given. Since our cone is a symmetrical shape, a normal cone will look identical to the Elevation and End- Elevation. Now we darken our outlines.

4. Menu Cones Creating the Generators on the Plan Using the 30° and 60° set square we divide our plan into 12 segments – like a clock face. Just like a clock face we now label our generators from 1 to 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11

5. Menu Cones Creating the Generators on the Elevation Now once we have our generators on our Plan, we now have to project them on to our Elevation. Now on the Elevation we number our generators in relation to the Plan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12

6. Menu Cones Creating the Generators on the Elevation Now that we have our generators we can now join them to the Apex of the Cone – The Highest Point. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12

7. Menu Cones Creating the Generators on the End Elevation Now Project the position of the generators onto the End-Elevation by projecting the points from the Plan Again number each of the points on the End-Elevation. Now draw generators from the apex to the base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9

8. Menu Cones Creating the Development of the Cone Now that we have completed the End- Elevation with our generators we have got to create our Development of the cone. First thing we do is get our True Length of the cone. The two outer sides are our true lengths. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9

9. Menu Cones Creating the Development of the Cone We Mark where the Apex point will begin. Draw a vertical generator using the True Length. Using the compass rotate around the base of the development. Take the width of a segment and mark round until you have 12 segments. Number each of our generators Mark on the generators from the base to the Apex. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 2

10. Menu Cones Creating a Cone with a Cut Now we are going to cut the top off the cone. Here is a an example of our cut cone. All the views will be affected by this cut. 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 2

11. Menu Cones Our Cut Cone in 3D This is what our cut cone will look like in 3D space. Notice how the cut affects the front and side view of the cone.

12. Menu Cones Creating the Cut on the End Elevation Project the points where the generators on the Elevation cross the cut onto the End Elevation. Where the generators cross from the Elevation onto the End-Elevation mark with a small dot. 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 2

13. Menu Cones Creating the Cut on the End Elevation 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 2 Complete the End Elevation by drawing a smooth curve through each of the point. Now darken the other outlines on the view.

14. Menu Cones Creating the Cut on the Plan Now we project the points where the generators have been cut up to the plan. Mark with a small dot where the generators cross each other – i.e. 3 crosses 3 Notice that we can’t mark on 6 or 12. 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 2

15. Menu Cones Creating the Cut on the Plan – Points 6 & 12 Now we project point 6 & 12 on to the outside generator – True Length. Project this point on to the centre line on the Plan. With the compass take the distance from the centre line to the generator and rotate round till you cut 6 and then do the same with 12. Again mark with a small dot. 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 2

16. Menu Cones Completing the Plan Now that we have all our 12 points on the plan, we can now sketch a curve that best fits the points. Once you have sketched the curve we darken our outlines. 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 12 3 45678 9 1011 12 6 5 8 43 10 2 11 1 12 7 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 2

17. Menu Cones Drawing the Development of the Cut Before we mark on the lengths of each generators we have to project the cut heights onto the True Length. To get the True Lengths of the cut, Project from the cut onto the True Length. Mark with a small dot where the new lengths are plotted.

18. Menu Cones Drawing the Development of the Cut Measure the distance from the apex to each point on the outside generator. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 10 8 11 7 12 6 1 5 2 4 3 6 7 5 8 4 9 3 10 2 11 1 12 Transfer this size to the correct generator on the Development. Mark each point with a small dot. Draw a smooth curve through each point found. Darken each of the other outlines on the Development. 3 2 12 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3

19. Menu Cones Drawing the True Shape of Cut Project each of the points on the cut of the Elevation away at right angles to the cut surface. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 10 8 11 7 12 6 1 5 2 4 3 6 7 5 8 4 9 3 10 2 11 1 12 9 8 11 7 12 6 1 5 2 4 3 10 Draw a datum line on the True Shape – in this case the centre line has been chosen. Number each of the lines projected up to the True Shape. 3 2 12 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3

20. Menu Cones The True Shape of Cut Measure the sizes from the cut points to the centre line on the Plan and transfer each of these sizes to the correct lines on the True Shape. Note – These sizes can also be measured from the End Elevation. Mark each of the points with a small dot. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 10 8 11 7 12 6 1 5 2 4 3 6 7 5 8 4 9 3 10 2 11 1 12 9 8 11 7 12 6 1 5 2 4 3 10 3 2 12 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3

21. Menu Cones The Completed Cut Cone To finish the True Shape draw a smooth curve through each of the points found. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 10 8 11 7 12 6 1 5 2 4 3 6 7 5 8 4 9 3 10 2 11 1 12 9 8 11 7 12 6 1 5 2 4 3 10 The final drawing should look like this. 3 2 12 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3